Cardiac and skeletal muscle development and maintenance require complex interactions between DNA-binding proteins and chromatin remodeling factors. We previously reported that Smyd1, a muscle-restricted histone methyltransferase, is essential for cardiogenesis and functions with a network of cardiac regulatory proteins. Here we show that the muscle-specific transcription factor skNAC is the major binding partner for Smyd1 in the developing heart. Targeted deletion of skNAC in mice resulted in partial embryonic lethality by embryonic day 12.5, with ventricular hypoplasia and decreased cardiomyocyte proliferation that were similar but less severe than in Smyd1 mutants. Expression of Irx4, a ventricle-specific transcription factor down-regulated in hearts lacking Smyd1, also depended on the presence of skNAC. Viable skNAC −/− adult mice had reduced postnatal skeletal muscle growth and impaired regenerative capacity after cardiotoxin-induced injury. Satellite cells isolated from skNAC −/− mice had impaired survival compared with wild-type littermate satellite cells. Our results indicate that skNAC plays a critical role in ventricular cardiomyocyte expansion and regulates postnatal skeletal muscle growth and regeneration in mice.C ardiogenesis is regulated in a temporally and spatially precise fashion by numerous signaling, transcriptional, and translational networks (1, 2). Epigenetic events, including posttranslational modification of histones, modulate the structure of chromatin and the accessibility of regulatory sequences to transcriptional activators and repressors. Acetylation of conserved lysine residues in histone tails by histone acetyltransferases stimulates chromatin relaxation and transcription, whereas deacetylation by histone deacetylases represses transcription (3). Methylation of lysine and arginine residues in histones affects chromatin conformation and either facilitates or inhibits transcription (4).Smyd1 is a muscle-restricted member of a family of chromatin remodeling proteins that contains both MYND and SET domains (5). The MYND domain coordinates protein-protein interactions to recruit a corepressor complex, and the SET domain commonly functions as a methyltransferase for histones or other proteins (6, 7). Targeted deletion of Smyd1 in mice results in a failure of ventricular cardiomyocyte maturation with ventricular hypoplasia, similar to cardiac phenotypes in embryos lacking Mef2c or Hand2 (dHAND) (5,8,9). Smyd1 is a direct transcriptional target of Mef2c and regulates the expression of Hand2 and Irx4, all of which function in a transcriptional network to control ventricular cardiomyocyte growth and differentiation (5, 10). Because of the early embryonic lethality of Smyd1 mutant mice, its role in skeletal muscle development remains unclear in mice. Knockdown of SmyD1a and SmyD1b expression in zebrafish embryos by morpholino antisense oligos resulted in a myofibril organization defect (11). Although Smyd1 may not bind DNA, it is likely recruited to muscle-specific target genes through physic...