Naked-eye fingerprinting of single nucleotide polymorphisms on psoriasis patients

Abstract

aWe report a low-cost test, based on gold nanoparticles, for the colorimetric (naked-eye) fingerprinting of a panel of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), relevant for the personalized therapy of psoriasis.Such pharmacogenomic tests are not routinely performed on psoriasis patients, due to the high cost of standard technologies. We demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity of our colorimetric test by validating it on a cohort of 30 patients, through a double-blind comparison with two state-of-the-art instrumental techniques, namely reverse dot blotting and sequencing, finding 100% agreement. This test offers high parallelization capabilities and can be easily generalized to other SNPs of clinical relevance, finding broad utility in diagnostics and pharmacogenomics.

Nanodermatology‐based solutions for psoriasis: State‐of‐the art and future prospects

“…In women, the hypodermis is more represented in thicker buttocks, in the palms and in the soles, whereas among men, it is more represented in the abdomen and in the shoulders. Hypodermis tends to atrophy with age, which contributes to the thin appearance and wrinkled aspect of the skin of the elderly (Collins & Nasir, ; Valentini et al, ).…”

“…In women, the hypodermis is more represented in thicker buttocks, in the palms and in the soles, whereas among men, it is more represented in the abdomen and in the shoulders. Hypodermis tends to atrophy with age, which contributes to the thin appearance and wrinkled aspect of the skin of the elderly (Collins & Nasir, 2011;Valentini et al, 2016). Furthermore, skin harbors some innate and adaptive immune cells composing the skin immune system such as natural killers (NKs), mast cells, macrophages, highly specialized antigen presenting cells or APCs, epidermal dendritic cells, EDCs, also referred to as Langerhans' cells, residing in the stratum granulosum, dermal DCs also known as interstitial or migratory DCs, αβ T cells, γδ T cells, and B cells, among others.…”

“…Cutis plays also a crucial role as barrier separating the body to the environment and modulating their interactions. Skin has a complex, integrated structure and is formed by an upper layer (the epidermis) and a lower layer (the dermis): they are divided by a basement membrane that contains skin staminal cells (Collins & Nasir, ; Valentini et al, ).…”

“…The epidermis is made out of five layers: (a) the outer most layer is the stratum corneum (horny layer, in English), followed by (b) the stratum lucidum (restricted to the palms and soles), (c) the stratum granulosum (characterized by keratohyalin granules and keratinocytes in maturation), (d) the stratum spinosum (spinous, in English, characterized by a high number of desmosomes and tonofilaments radiating from the desmosomes), and, finally, (e) the stratum basale (the inner most layer that contains epidermal stem cells or ESCs, cuboidal‐columnar cells) (Collins & Nasir, ; Valentini et al, ).…”

“…These cells are surrounded by a 500‐μm thick lipid drafts composed by a matrix of ceramides, free fatty acids, triglycerides, and cholesterols. This composition is known as the “brick and mortar organization,” representing what is called the “formidable” physical barrier, which challenges the penetration and permeation of different molecules and compounds, including antibiotics, antiinflammatory substances and other therapeutic agents (Collins & Nasir, , Valentini et al, ).…”