Nano Antiviral Photodynamic Therapy: a Probable Biophysicochemical Management Modality in SARS-CoV-2

Abstract

Introduction: COVID-19 disease has shocked the world by its spread and contagiousness. At this time, there is no valid vaccine and no proven drug treatment for COVID-19 patients. Current treatments are focused on Oxygenation, Cytokine Storm management, anti-inflammatory effects, and antiviral therapy. Antiviral photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is based on the reaction between a photo-sensitive agent and a light source in the presence of oxygen which can produce oxidative and free radical agents to damage the virus' structures. Recent studies show that nanotechnology can improve aPDT's outcome. The aim of this study was to find out the potential therapeutic effects of Nano antiviral photodynamic therapy on COVID-19.Areas covered: This review evaluates Nano Antiviral Photodynamic Therapy: A Probable Biophysicochemical Management Modality in SARS-CoV-2. Data were extracted from published different studies published on PUBMED, SCOPUS, and Web of Science. Expert opinion: Studies indicating that aPDT and Nano-based aPDT can be useful in viral pulmonary complications like Influenza, SARS-CoV, and MERS, but there was no direct study on SARS-Cov-2. Recent studies showed that Nano-based aPDT could relate to control of the stages of viral infections. Altogether, further investigations for the application of nanomedicine in antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation are needed for COVID-19 Management.

Evaluation of Therapeutic Effect and Prognosis of Danzhi Xiaoyao Powder Combined with Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Rose Acne

“…Its possible mechanisms include the following: using light energy to activate the photodynamic effect, producing singlet oxygen and free radicals and other cytotoxic substances, destroying cell structure and function, and thereby inhibiting excessive sebum secretion and promoting skin lesion healing and other effects [13]. PDT can affect the expression of Toll-like receptors and the secretion of cytokines and affect the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 1 and MMP3 by fibroblasts to regulate the immune system and induce apoptosis of T lymphocytes [14]. Microbes such as Demodex folliculorum can synthesize and store a large amount of porphyrin by themselves, promote the photochemical reaction, are directly killed by red light, inhibit the expansion of blood vessels in the dermis, and change the local inflammatory microenvironment by adjusting inflammatory factors [15].…”

2D MXenes for combatting COVID-19 Pandemic: A perspective on latest developments and innovations

“…Thus efficient photo-sterilizers with greater performance can be fabricated by using these properties of MXenes. Photodynamic therapy can be used for the excitation of photosensitizers by radiating a light source in the presence of oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to the damage of the SARS-CoV-2 virus structure [79] . Zhang et al [80] studied the photo-induced properties of the Mo 2 C nanospheres in the near-infrared region and found its extraordinary photothermal and photodynamic therapy efficiency along with CT imaging and photoacoustic imaging features with superior biocompatibility.…”

Self-luminescent photodynamic therapy and pathogen detection for infectious diseases

“…Fullerene and graphene with two-dimensional carbon allotrope also show PDT effects against various viruses, including influenza A virus, HIV-1, HSV-1, vesicular stomatitis virus, Semliki Forest virus, mosquito iridovirus, and phage MS2 [11]. As an effective antiviral method, "non-specific" PDT bypassed the hysteresis, specificity, and selectivity of drugs or vaccines [12]. Hence, applying the self-luminescence PDT systems to the inactivation of COVID-19-associated virus could be an area of great interests and expectations.…”