Nano-engineered screen-printed electrodes: A dynamic tool for detection of viruses

Abstract

There is a growing interest in the development of portable, cost-effective, and easy-to-use biosensors for the rapid detection of diseases caused by infectious viruses: COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the central role of diagnostics in response to global outbreaks. Among all the existing technologies, screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) represent a valuable technology for the detection of various viral pathogens. During the last five years, various nanomaterials have been utilized to modify SPEs to achieve convincing effects on the analytical performances of portable SPE-based diagnostics. Herein we would like to provide the readers a comprehensive investigation about the recent combination between SPEs and various nanomaterials for detecting viral pathogens. Manufacturing methods and features advances are critically discussed in the context of early-stage detection of diseases caused by HIV-1, HBV, HCV, Zika, Dengue, and Sars-CoV-2. A detailed table is reported to easily guide readers toward the “right” choice depending on the virus of interest.

Metal Nanoparticles and Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Improved Performances of Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors with Biomedical Applications

“…In the case of the biosensors’ elaboration, the SPEs have been modified also with biological elements such as enzymes, antibodies and nucleic acids by applying various methods of immobilization (casting, physical adsorption, electrochemical coating or inclusion into the ink) [ 5 , 206 , 210 ]. In the last years, a special attention was attributed to the detection of viral pathogens, such as the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, the Hepatitis viruses, the Zika Virus, the Dengue virus and SARS-CoV-2, using the combination between SPEs and nanomaterials for the development of portable, easy-to-use and cost-effective biosensors [ 214 ].…”

Development of sandwich electrochemiluminescence immunosensor for COVID-19 diagnosis by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein detection based on Au@BSA-luminol nanocomposites

“…These sensors are capable of ultralow determination of analytes in biological samples. Among them, electrochemical biosensors have the advantages of ultra-sensitive detection and a wide range of detection [3] , [4] .…”

Powerful Electron-Transfer Screen-Printed Platforms as Biosensing Tools: The Case of Uric Acid Biosensor

“…These nano-modified electrodes have been applied in the buildout of an enzymatic biosensor able to monitor and quantify uric acid (UA) in the nanomolar (nM) concentration range. UA is the ultimate catabolite of purine metabolism in humans and higher primates and plays a clinically valuable diagnostic role [ 31 ]. The extent of UA acid levels can be related to several diseases and conditions: gout, hyperuricemia, Lesch–Nyhan syndrome, hypertension, diabetes, kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease [ 32 , 33 , 34 ].…”