Nanoarchitectonics: Complexes and Conjugates of Platinum Drugs with Silicon Containing Nanocarriers. An Overview

Abstract

The development in the area of novel anticancer prodrugs (conjugates and complexes) has attracted growing attention from many research groups. The dangerous side effects of currently used anticancer drugs, including cisplatin and other platinum based drugs, as well their systemic toxicity is a driving force for intensive search and presents a safer way in delivery platform of active molecules. Silicon based nanocarriers play an important role in achieving the goal of synthesis of the more effective prodrugs. It is worth to underline that silicon based platform including silica and silsesquioxane nanocarriers offers higher stability, biocompatibility of such the materials and pro-longed release of active platinum drugs. Silicon nanomaterials themselves are well-known for improving drug delivery, being themselves non-toxic, and versatile, and tailored surface chemistry. This review summarizes the current state-of-the-art within constructs of silicon-containing nano-carriers conjugated and complexed with platinum based drugs. Contrary to a number of other reviews, it stresses the role of nano-chemistry as a primary tool in the development of novel prodrugs.

Acriflavine, an Acridine Derivative for Biomedical Application: Current State of the Art

“…Microporous silica-coated cisplatin nanoparticles with absorbed ACF were found to inhibit HIF-1, which led to increased antitumor efficacy against A549 lung cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo . , …”

“…Microporous silica-coated cisplatin nanoparticles with absorbed ACF were found to inhibit HIF-1, which led to increased antitumor efficacy against A549 lung cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. 96,97 Apart from hypoxia, also in normoxia, ACF exhibited high antitumor activity. Under normoxic conditions, HIF-1α levels are low and proteasomal degradation of HIF-1α occurs, but there are other stimuli capable of expressing HIF-1 in tumors under these conditions.…”

Photosensitizer Anchored Nanoparticles: A Potential Material for Photodynamic Therapy

“…Thus this enhances the photodynamic effect [84] . Mesoporous particles were then functionalized with imidazoline groups and conjugated with Pt(II) derivative, generated in situ from cis platin [85] …”

“…[84] Mesoporous particles were then functionalized with imidazoline groups and conjugated with Pt(II) derivative, generated in situ from cis platin. [85] Functionalized platinum complexes can play an essential role in the diagnostic process of cancers as fluorescent probes or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. [86] Cisplatin also shows severe side effects, including nephrotoxicity, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, ototoxicity, neurotoxicity, and allergic reactions.…”

“…TPP is used as a delivery vehicle [87] . UCNPs have become, in the past years, the promising vehicles of diverse drug molecules, including the remote control of platinum (IV) prodrugs activation [85] 4 depicts the comparison of different NPs functionalized with Pt.…”