Nanobio Silver: Its Interactions with Peptides and Bacteria, and Its Uses in Medicine

Abstract

Introduction 4708 2. Peptides and Silver 4709 2.1. Silver Binding to Amino Acids and Peptides 4709 2.1.1. Silver Binding to Amino Acids − Theory 4709 2.1.2. Silver Binding to Amino Acids − Experiment 4711 2.1.3. Silver Binding to Peptides 4711 2.2. Natural Peptides Involved in Metal Detoxification 4714 2.3. Peptides for the Formation of Silver Nanostructures 4716 2.3.1. Biomineralization of Silver by Means of Peptides 4716 2.3.2. Peptides as Structure-Determining Scaffolds in the Synthesis of Silver Nanostructures 4721 3. Bacteria and Silver 4722 3.1. Antimicrobial Properties of Silver-Containing Compounds 4722 3.1.1. Interactions with the Bacterial Cell Wall 4722 3.1.2. Interactions with DNA, Enzymes, and Membrane Proteins 4724 3.1.3. Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species 4725 3.2. Bacterial Resistance Mechanisms against Ag(I) 4726 3.2.1. Accumulation and Storage-Based Mechanism 4726 3.2.2. Efflux Pump-Based Mechanism 4727 3.3. Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Means of Bacteria 4728 4. Silver-Based Biomaterials in the Medical Field 4730 4.1. Types of Silver-Containing Biomaterials 4731 4.1.1. Metallic Silver Coatings and Silver's Antimicrobial Efficiency 4731 4.1.2. Silver-Containing Nanocomposites 4732 4.1.3. Silver-Containing Polymers 4732 4.1.4. Surface Modification with Ionic Silver Compounds 4734 4.1.5. Hybrid Silver Materials − Synergistic Effects 4734 4.2. Deposition Processes 4735 4.3. Mechanical Properties 4736 5. Biocompatibility of Silver 4737 5.1. General Routes of Silver Exposure 4737 5.2. Exposure to Silver-Containing Medical Products 4737 5.2.1. Dermal Contact: Burn Wound Dressings 4737 5.2.2. Bone Contact: Orthopedic and Dental Implants and Bone-Filling Products 4738 5.2.3. Blood Contact: Implants Introduced into the Vascular System 4739 5.3. Effects of Silver Exposure on Tissues and Organs 4739 5.3.1. Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Silver 4740 5.3.2. Tissue and Organ Damages 4740 5.3.3. Cellular Uptake of Silver 4741 5.4. Toxic Effects of Silver Nanoparticles 4741 5.5. Silver Detoxification 4742 5.5.1. Sequestration of Silver Ions 4742 5.5.2. Silver Ion Transport by ATPase P-type Efflux Pumps 4743 6. Conflicting Evidence 4744 7. Conclusions 4744 Author Information 4744 Corresponding Author 4744 Notes 4744 Biographies 4745 Acknowledgments 4746 References 4746

Highly synergistic antimicrobial activity of spherical and flower-like hierarchical titanium dioxide/silver composites

“…Among these composites, TiO 2 /Ag composites are more potent antibacterial agents due to the fact that Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) deposited in TiO 2 matrix act as a conductor and charge separators for blocking electron-hole recombination, resulting in maximizing the production of ROS [15][16][17] . Furthermore, Ag NPs have been known as effective antimicrobial agents with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, good durability, heat resistance and stability [18,19] . Recently, TiO 2 /Ag composites with different morphologies were prepared by a range of various methods, including UV-irradiation, [16] solvothermal, [20] sol-gel, [21] and chemical deposition [22] .…”

Phytosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Myrtus communis L. Leaf Extract and Investigation of Bactericidal Activity

“…25,28,29 Due to the toxicity of silver to microorganisms, it and materials containing it are used in coatings, fillers, filters, textiles, clothes, and medical tools and devices. 28,30,31 Silver-containing nanomaterials can attach to cell walls, enter cells, 32 attach to membrane proteins and respiratory chains in mitochondria, and generate ROS 33 by catalyzing partial reduction reaction of oxygen. 34 These nanomaterials can also release silver ions, followed by protein binding (via thiol groups of protein) and inactivation, DNA binding (via phosphate groups of DNA), and alteration of the DNA structure.…”

Bis(phosphane)copper(I) and silver(I) dithiocarbamates: crystallography and anti-microbial assay

“…In a very recent Nature Editorial on the subject, copper and silver were specifically mentioned as providing hope in developing new and effective anti-microbial agents [5]. With the above in mind, it is not surprising that both copper and silver, as nanoparticles and incorporated in molecules, have attracted considerable attention of those developing metalbased therapeutics as summarised in a number of recent reviews [6][7][8][9][10].…”