Nanobioengineered Sensing Technologies Based on Cellulose Matrices for Detection of Small Molecules, Macromolecules, and Cells

Abstract

Recent advancement has been accomplished in the field of biosensors through the modification of cellulose as a nano-engineered matrix material. To date, various techniques have been reported to develop cellulose-based matrices for fabricating different types of biosensors. Trends of involving cellulosic materials in paper-based multiplexing devices and microfluidic analytical technologies have increased because of their disposable, portable, biodegradable properties and cost-effectiveness. Cellulose also has potential in the development of cytosensors because of its various unique properties including biocompatibility. Such cellulose-based sensing devices are also being commercialized for various biomedical diagnostics in recent years and have also been considered as a method of choice in clinical laboratories and personalized diagnosis. In this paper, we have discussed the engineering aspects of cellulose-based sensors that have been reported where such matrices have been used to develop various analytical modules for the detection of small molecules, metal ions, macromolecules, and cells present in a diverse range of samples. Additionally, the developed cellulose-based biosensors and related analytical devices have been comprehensively described in tables with details of the sensing molecule, readout system, sensor configuration, response time, real sample, and their analytical performances.

Miniaturized surface engineered technologies for multiplex biosensing devices

“…Nanomaterials have unique properties such as quantum effects, self-assembly, and large surface area, greater electrical conductivity, and good compatibility due to which they have a wide range of applications in POC devices [34], nanosensors [35], drug delivery and nanotherapeutics [36,37], clinical procedures [38], energy harvesting systems [39], and in various other applications. These nanomaterials have an inherently better surface-to-volume ratio, which allows for more recognition sites with a faster signal transduction mechanism [40,41].…”

Nano‐bio‐engineered silk matrix based devices for molecular bioanalysis

“…Biomolecules can be divided based on molecular weight into small and macromolecules. Small molecules have a simple structure with a molecular weight of less than 900 Da and act as building blocks for the formation of macromolecules (Divya et al, 2021). In this section, some applications of silk-containing biosensors for the detection of small molecules and metal ions have been discussed.…”

Nano-Engineered Surface Comprising Metallic Dendrites for Biomolecular Analysis in Clinical Perspective

“…Biosensors are bioanalytical devices that can detect an ultralow concentration of biomarkers via optical, thermal, or electrical signals [ 91 , 92 ]. The biosensors are made up of three basic elements, i.e., a biorecognition element (BRE), a transducer, and an amplifier and processor [ 93 ]. The BRE identifies the target, and the transducer changes the biological recognition event into a quantifiable signal.…”