Nanobubble size distribution measurement by interactive force apparatus under an electric field

Abstract

Nanobubbles have been applied in many fields, such as environmental cleaning, material production, agriculture, and medicine. However, the measured nanobubble sizes differed among the measurement methods, such as dynamic light scattering, particle trajectory, and resonance mass methods. Additionally, the measurement methods were limited with respect to the bubble concentration, refractive index of liquid, and liquid color. Here, a novel interactive force measurement method for bulk nanobubble size measurement was developed by measuring the force between two electrodes filled with bulk nanobubble-containing liquid under an electric field when the electrode distance was changed in the nm scale with piezoelectric equipment. The nanobubble size was measured with a bubble gas diameter and also an effective water thin film layer covered with a gas bubble that was estimated to be approximately 10 nm based on the difference between the median diameter of the particle trajectory method and this method. This method could also be applied to the solid particle size distribution measurement in a solution.

Interaction and Stability of Nanobubbles and Prenucleation Calcium Clusters during Ultrasonic Treatment of Hard Water

“…(A consistently smaller density of 1.0 × 10 8 /mL and an average diameter of 130 nm with an oscillatory structure that differed from run to run was obtained from the NanoSight Instrument.) In a recent paper comparing methods used to determine nanobubble size distributions, the oscillatory structure is not seen when the dynamic light scattering (DLS) or interactive force analysis (IFA) methods are used . It seems to be an artifact of intense diffraction patterns produced by some of the nanobubbles flowing through the NanoSight field of view.…”

“…X-ray diffraction patterns in Figure show that the precipitates are largely composed of calcium carbonates, with a minor amount of halite (H). Aragonite (A) is produced by ultrasound-induced precipitation , or by boiling, whereas slow precipitation by heating to 80 °C produces calcite (C), the more stable polymorph. A minor amount of calcite (6%) is found in the 40 min sonicated aragonite and minor amounts of aragonite and halite in the 80 °C heated calcite.…”

“…Nanobubble concentration and size distribution were determined in some cases by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) using a Malvern NanoSight instrument, which tracks a Both methods yield similar concentrations, but the ZetaView is preferred as it avoids irreproducible oscillations in the reported size distribution. 73 Conductivity and pH were monitored with a PC100 Cole Palmer meter calibrated fortnightly with a two-point system. Measurements of conductivity were also made in the Malvern Zetasizer on aliquots pipetted from the sample during the sonication period.…”

“…Nanobubble concentration and size distribution were determined in some cases by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) using a Malvern NanoSight instrument, which tracks a flow of individual nanoobjects by laser light scattering or by a Particle Metrix ZetaView instrument that tracks their Brownian motion. Both methods yield similar concentrations, but the ZetaView is preferred as it avoids irreproducible oscillations in the reported size distribution …”

Oxidative Capacity of Oxygen Nanobubbles and Their Mechanism for the Catalytic Oxidation of Ferrous Ions with Copper as a Catalyst in Sulfuric Acid Medium

“…However, this controversy gradually subsided as the first images of nanoscale bubbles were obtained by atomic force microscopy in 2000, and subsequent mounting evidence solidified the existence and potential stability of NBs. Since then, studies on their generation strategies (e.g., hydrodynamic, acoustic, electrochemical, and mechanical agitation), physicochemical properties (e.g., size distribution, ζ-potential, and stability), and underlying mechanisms to elucidate these properties have progressed rapidly. Although a conclusive statement on the stabilization mechanism of NBs is still lacking in theory, their intriguing and unique physicochemical properties, such as their high surface area per unit volume, ultra-long lifetime in water, high mass transfer efficiency, and ability to produce highly reactive radicals, − have attracted widespread interest in many fields, including wastewater treatment and purification, surface cleaning, plant and animal growth promotion, and medical examination and treatment, and have shown the potential to replace or enhance of the current treatment processes. − …”