Nanocellulose production from natural and recyclable sources: A review

Noor, S. M.; Anuar, Aznah Nor; Tamunaidu, Pramila; Goto, Miwa; Shameli, Kamyar; Halim, Mohd Hakim Ab

doi:10.1088/1755-1315/479/1/012027

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Cellulose can be derived from the wood pulp of the trees like pine or eucalyptus, etc. in forest reserves by various chemical methods including acid treatment or oxidation and by biological methods by using fungi on softwoods [19].…”

Section: Nano Cellulose Extracted From Forest Woodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources and Applications of Nano Cellulose Tailored Materials

Das Kirtania,

Chakraborty,

Barik

et al. 2024

Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials

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Cellulose is one of the most economical, biodegradable, and biosafe components found in nature. It is extracted from biomass found in forests or crops being treated enzymatically, chemically or mechanically. The extracted cellulose on acid hydrolysis and other mechanical treatment yields bacterial cellulose, nano-fibrillated cellulose, and cellulose nanocrystals. Nanosized cellulose can be attributed to the size reduction of the polymer chains in cellulose from micro to nanoscale. The size range was found suitable from 1–100 nm to be called nanosized cellulose. Nano cellulose hogged much limelight in the modern era due to its low toxicity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Due to the rapid evolution in this field, it is an obvious need to synthesize nano cellulose from different sources for its huge potential in pharmaceuticals and other industries. The tiny size made the nano cellulose mechanically strong and stable thus rendering it suitable for application, especially in pharmaceuticals, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Recent research has been focused on the development and applications of nanocellulose products due to their eco-friendly nature and diversity of its application. However, there are challenges too, related to its scale-up, cost, and stability may be registered. This chapter will further discuss in detail the synthesis and preparations of nanosized cellulose and its theragnostic applications.

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Section: Nano Cellulose Extracted From Forest Woodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources and Applications of Nano Cellulose Tailored Materials

Das Kirtania,

Chakraborty,

Barik

et al. 2024

Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials

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“…The main drawback of acid hydrolysis is harsh conditions, while enzymatic hydrolysis takes significantly more time. Therefore, subcritical water treatment has been explored because it does not require harsh conditions and an extended period of time [148]. The CNCs and CNFs extracted from paper waste can be used in the papermaking process.…”

Section: Nanocellulosementioning

confidence: 99%

On the Conversion of Paper Waste and Rejects into High-Value Materials and Energy

et al. 2023

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The pulp and paper industry (PPI) is a major contributor to the global economy, but it also poses a challenge for waste disposal, as it generates large amounts of several waste streams. Among these, paper rejects are generated during the papermaking process and could account for up to 25% of the produced paper. Moreover, hundreds of millions of tons of paper are produced annually that end up in landfills if not burnt or recycled. Furthermore, the PPI significantly contributes to climate change and global warming in the form of deforestation and water and air pollution. Therefore, the impact of this industry on the sustainability of natural resources and its adverse environmental health effects requires special attention. This review focuses on discussing the sustainable routes to utilize paper waste and rejects from the PPI towards a circular economy. At first, it discusses the industry itself and its environmental impact, followed by the possible sustainable approaches that can be implemented to improve papermaking processes as well as waste management systems, including paper recycling. The literature indicates that paper recycling is crucial because, if appropriately designed, it significantly lowers greenhouse gas emissions, water and resources consumption, and manufacturing costs. However, several concerns have surfaced about the different chemicals that are used to improve recycling efficiency and recycled paper quality. Furthermore, paper recycling is limited to up to seven times. This review, therefore, goes on to highlight several sustainable waste management routes for paper waste utilization other than recycling by emphasizing the concept of converting paper waste and rejects into energy and high-value materials, including biofuels, biohydrogen, biomethane, heat, nanocellulose, hydrochar, construction materials, and soil amendments. Both the benefits and shortcomings of these waste management routes and their applications are discussed. It becomes clear from this review that sustainable management solutions for paper waste and rejects are implementable, but further research and development are still needed.

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“…The production of nanocellulose using ionic liquids has numerous benefits, including the potential to use atmospheric pressure, small amounts of solvents, the potential for regeneration of ionic liquids, and working with an odorless and relatively safe solvent. On the other hand, this method also has disadvantages, which include the relatively high costs of ionic liquids and the unsatisfactory efficiency of the extraction process [51,[54][55][56][57][58][59].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanocellulose Production Using Ionic Liquids with Enzymatic Pretreatment

et al. 2021

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Nanocellulose has gained increasing attention during the past decade, which is related to its unique properties and wide application. In this paper, nanocellulose samples were produced via hydrolysis with ionic liquids (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole acetate (EmimOAc) and 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AmimCl)) from microcrystalline celluloses (Avicel and Whatman) subjected to enzymatic pretreatment. The obtained material was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The results showed that the nanocellulose had a regular and spherical structure with diameters of 30–40 nm and exhibited lower crystallinity and thermal stability than the material obtained after hydrolysis with Trichoderma reesei enzymes. However, the enzyme-pretreated Avicel had a particle size of about 200 nm and a cellulose II structure. A two-step process involving enzyme pretreatment and hydrolysis with ionic liquids resulted in the production of nanocellulose. Moreover, the particle size of nanocellulose and its structure depend on the ionic liquid used.

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Nanocellulose production from natural and recyclable sources: A review

Cited by 7 publications

References 34 publications

Sources and Applications of Nano Cellulose Tailored Materials

Sources and Applications of Nano Cellulose Tailored Materials

On the Conversion of Paper Waste and Rejects into High-Value Materials and Energy

Nanocellulose Production Using Ionic Liquids with Enzymatic Pretreatment

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