Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer on earth and is the chain of glucose residues that can be obtained easily from nature. Having unique material properties, nanocellulose has gained interest of researchers for various applications. Cellulose is generally known to exist in cell wall of a plant. However, this paper reviews the isolation of nanocellulose not only from plants, wood, and agroforestry residues, but also from recyclable sources paper waste and animals. With appropriate treatment and process (chemical, mechanical, and biological), reduction in diameter and length of cellulose up to nanoscale is possible. Nanocellulose may appear in its three main types namely cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and bacterial nanocelluloses. Transformation of waste to wealth by adding value to waste and natural sources has become a meaningful and interesting work.

The Al-doped cobalt ferrite (CoFe2-xAlxO4) nanofiber has been prepared by employing the electrospinning technique. All the nanofibers are characterized by the XRD technique. The Rietveld refinement of XRD patterns reveals the spinel cubic structure with the Fd3 ̅m space group. The TEM micrographs confirm the formation of nanofiber with a nearly uniform diameter of ⁓137±10 nm. The magnetic properties of all the nanofibers have been investigated by measuring the M-H hysteresis loops with the help of a Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The M-H loops analysis demonstrates a reduction in the saturation magnetization, and coercivity from 106.88 emu/g to 40.01 emu/g and 0.897 kOe to 0.324 kOe, respectively, with the increase in Al concentration in the nanofibers. The "Law of Approach to Saturation” technique has been employed to understand the magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant in the samples. The magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant (K1) decreases with the increase in Al3+ substitution in place of Fe3+ in the spinel cobalt ferrite nanofibers. A squeezing effect on the M-H loop near M = 0 is observed and it has been analyzed by a hysteresis loop width (∆H) vs magnetization (M) plot. The squeezing effect has been observed due to the exchange interaction phenomenon between the magnetic and non-magnetic atoms in the Al-doped cobalt ferrite nanofiber. The magnetic properties study demonstrates that Al-doped cobalt ferrite nanofiber exhibits soft magnetic nature.

The purpose of the microbial diversity studies conducted is to discover species composition, structure, bacterial distribution, spatial activity as well as the function and role of the microbial. A laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactor with a working volume of 2 L was used to develop aerobic granular sludge to treat livestock wastewater. The seed sludge was taken from municipal wastewater treatment plant, while the wastewater was collected from cattle farm at Primaternak Enterprise, Johor, Malaysia. The composition and diversity of microbial community in the seed sludge and aerobic granules were explored using next generation sequencing analysis. Based on the findings, the details of phylogenetic bacterial which consists of phylum, class, order and family were identified and compared between the seed sludge and aerobic granules. The metagenome DNA sequencing analysis has revealed an abundance of microbial diversity in the seed sludge and 8 hours aerobic granular sludge samples. The metagenome analysis discovered wide variety of microorganism including archaea, bacteria, eukaryote, and virus. Bacteria has been evaluated as the most dominant microbial in both seed sludge and aerobic granules. Acidovorax sp JS42 was found to be the most abundance bacteria species in seed sludge while Thauera MZIT was the most abundance bacteria species in aerobic granules. Whereas, Bacteroides, Flavobacterium, Comamonas, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter were the most abundance bacteria that responsible in developing aerobic granules were observed to be higher in aerobic granules compared to the seed sludge. The results from this study indicated that distinct differences of microbial community from the seed sludge and aerobic granular sludge were observed clearly, which provided some evidence of the granulation process.

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