Nanocomposite versus Mesocomposite for Osteogenic Differentiation of Tonsil‐Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Abstract

Injectable inorganic/organic composite systems consisting of well-defined mesocrystals (4-8 μm) of calcium phosphate and polypeptide thermogel significantly enhance the osteogenic differentiation of the tonsil derived mesenchymal stem cells (TMSCs). Compared to composite systems incorporating nanoparticles (10-100 nm) or pure hydrogel systems, osteogenic biomarkers including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone morphogenetic protein 2, and osteocalcin are highly expressed at both the mRNA level and the protein level in the mesocrystal composite systems. ALP activity of differentiated cells is also significantly higher in the mesocomposite systems compared to the nanocomposite systems or the pure hydrogel systems. The mesocomposite systems provide not only hard surfaces for binding the cells/proteins by the inorganic mesocrystals but also a soft matrix for holding the cells by the hydrogel. Through the current research, (1) a novel method of preparing mesocrystals is developed, (2) TMSCs are proved as a new resource of stem cells, and (3) the mesocomposite systems are proved to be a promising tool in controlling stem cell differentiation. (4) Finally, the research emphasizes the significance of mesoscience as a new perspective of science in controlling cell and material interfaces.

New Poly[(R )-3-hydroxybutyrate-co -4-hydroxybutyrate] (P3HB4HB)-Based Thermogels

“…Over the years, biodegradable thermoresponsive hydrogels, also known as thermogels have attracted numerous attention in the medical field due to its potential in drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. [29][30][31][32][33][34][35] These thermogels are classified as a group of soft materials which assemble due to supramolecular interactions of the polymeric blocks present. [36] At low temperatures, the aqueous polymeric solution or sol state exists as fluids with low viscosity.…”

Controlled release of liraglutide using thermogelling polymers in treatment of diabetes

“…Once administrated by a conventional syringe, the polymer aqueous solution spontaneously transforms into a physical hydrogel at the injection site. This in situ forming gel containing drugs or cells can act as a sustained drug release depot or a cell-growing matrix 12 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 . Generally, the delicate balance between hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of an amphiphilic polymer plays a crucial role in the thermo-induced physical gelation 25 26 27 .…”

“…Generally, the delicate balance between hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of an amphiphilic polymer plays a crucial role in the thermo-induced physical gelation 25 26 27 . To date, polyester 27 28 , polypeptide 19 29 30 , poly(phosphazenes) 31 32 , and so on have been employed as biodegradable hydrophobic segments, while PEG has been utilized as a hydrophilic block.…”

Application of Tonsil-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tissue Regeneration: Concise Review

“…Fabrication of TMSCs using a scaffold consisting of polycaprolcatone biomaterial and BFP1 increased cell adhesion and osteogenic differentiation thereby enhancing the bone regeneration of the calvarial defect region of rabbits . Other biomaterials made up with in situ crosslinkable gelatin‐hydroxyphenyl propionic acid hydrogel (GHH) , methacrylated chondroitin sulfate , or inorganic mesocrystals were also tested to fabricate the osteogenically differentiated TMSCs, and they promoted osteogenesis and bone mineralization in both in vitro and in vivo studies. In the case of GHH, injection of TMSCs fabricated with GHH to the dorsa of OVX mice improved signs of osteoporosis , suggesting possible applications of TMSCs in managing osteoporosis.…”