Nanocomposites for X-Ray Photodynamic Therapy

Abstract

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has long been known as an effective method for treating surface cancer tissues. Although this technique is widely used in modern medicine, some novel approaches for deep lying tumors have to be developed. Recently, deeper penetration of X-rays into tissues has been implemented, which is now known as X-ray photodynamic therapy (XPDT). The two methods differ in the photon energy used, thus requiring the use of different types of scintillating nanoparticles. These nanoparticles are known to convert the incident energy into the activation energy of a photosensitizer, which leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species. Since not all photosensitizers are found to be suitable for the currently used scintillating nanoparticles, it is necessary to find the most effective biocompatible combination of these two agents. The most successful combinations of nanoparticles for XPDT are presented. Nanomaterials such as metal–organic frameworks having properties of photosensitizers and scintillation nanoparticles are reported to have been used as XPDT agents. The role of metal–organic frameworks for applying XPDT as well as the mechanism underlying the generation of reactive oxygen species are discussed.

The Rare-Earth Elements Doping of BaGdF5 Nanophosphors for X-ray Photodynamic Therapy

“…As a result, it has been shown that for all samples nanoparticles are in the range of 5-17 nm with predominant fractions of ~10 nm. This fact complies with the requirements for nanophosphors as a part of nanocomposites that can be used in XPDT [35,36]. Thus, according to the obtained particle size distribution, all synthesized nanomaterials are suitable for the subsequent synthesis of nanocomposites for XPDT.…”

Progress in Nanocarriers Codelivery System to Enhance the Anticancer Effect of Photodynamic Therapy

“…Band gap materials convert X-rays into light photons in the UV-vis region, which can be used to activate PSs. This is the basis of a combination of PDT and radiation therapy known as X-ray PDT (XPDT) [177,178]. The use of light is one of the limitations of PDT, and the strong tissue penetration of X-rays can compensate for this shortcoming.…”

The Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics (PCCP) Section of the International Journal of Molecular Sciences in Its Publications: The First 300 Thematic Articles in the First 3 Years

“…In this Thematic Area, 56 articles have been published [ 48 , 64 , 104 , 108 , 110 , 124 , 195 , 252 , 253 , 254 , 255 , 256 , 257 , 258 , 259 , 260 , 261 , 262 , 263 , 264 , 265 , 266 , 267 , 268 , 269 , 270 , 271 , 272 , 273 , 274 , 275 , 276 , 277 , 278 , 279 , 280 , 281 , 282 , 283 , 284 , 285 , 286 , 287 , 288 , 289 , 290 , 291 , 292 , 293 , 294 , 295 , 296 , 297 , 298 , 299 , 300 ], an...…”

“…The processes in inorganic nanomaterials were considered in one way or another, in articles [ 104 , 108 , 110 , 252 , 253 , 264 , 265 , 267 , 268 , 269 , 270 , 275 , 276 , 279 , 281 , 285 , 286 , 287 , 297 ]. Additionally, here, the materials in which these processes are implemented are very diverse.…”