“…In the last decades, the use of nanotechnology has revolutionized many biotechnological sectors [ 1 ]. Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) possess unique physical, electrical, and chemical properties [ 2 ], which have been exploited for widespread applications in electronics, aerospace, medicinal drug delivery, medical devices, biosensors, engineering, bioengineering, food, and cosmetics [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. The increasing use of ENMs and their consequent release into the environment [ 9 , 10 , 11 ] has raised concerns about their safety and their potential risks to human health [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ].…”