Nanoencapsulation of carotenoids: a focus on different delivery systems and evaluation parameters

Abstract

Different types of nanoparticles have been synthesized to protect carotenoids against exposition of external factors such as light, heat and oxygen; and processing conditions; to increase stability and to improve the bioavailability of nanoencapsulated carotenoid. The type of nanostructure synthesized (nanoemulsions, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carrier, and polymeric nanoparticles) influences on the synthesis and nanoparticles stability, which reflect in physic-chemical characteristics such as polydispersity index, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency. Different nanostructures can be used to improve stability of carotenoids; however, currently, polymeric nanocapsules are the nanostructure most utilized due to its stability during storage, high efficiency to encapsulate and to control the release of the carotenoid encapsulated. Due to these considerations, they have been focus of researchers for future studies regarding to application of carotenoids nanoencapsulated by food industries. The focus of this review is the presentation of different carotenoids delivery systems and the use of techniques to evaluate parameters that might limit the application of this innovative and potential technology in cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industry.

Nanoemulsions as delivery systems for lipophilic nutraceuticals: strategies for improving their formulation, stability, functionality and bioavailability

“…Recently, there have been numerous studies on the encapsulation of carotenoids using nanoemulsions and other colloidal delivery systems (Dos Santos et al, 2018 ).…”

Fate of β-Carotene within Loaded Delivery Systems in Food: State of Knowledge

“…Encapsulation is regarded as an indispensable process to fabricate delivery systems with improved bioavailability, by stabilizing β-carotene in the target foods and also during gastrointestinal (GIT) passage, improving its solubility in digestive fluids, hence enhancing its absorption from the GIT, and possibly even evading first-pass metabolism loss in various tissues. The bioavailability of encapsulated lipophilic compounds including β-carotene is compromised by a range of factors and has been reviewed by various researchers in excellent reviews [46,48,51,55,[96][97][98][99]. In order to attain the desired solubility, dispersity, stability and bioavailability for β-carotene, a range of delivery systems, differing in design, structure, composition and production processes, have been tested to validate their potential to encapsulate β-carotene and to be an efficient carrier for β-carotene delivery in food systems [51].…”

The Realm of Microbial Pigments in the Food Color Market

“…There are various studies about the positive impact of nanoemulsion on stability of β carotene (Yi et al, 2014;Sen et al, 2019). Although various nanostructures are known to confer stability to carotenoid pigments, encapsulated polymeric nanocapsules are most utilized due to its stability during storage, high efficiency to encapsulate and to control the release of the carotenoid (Dos Santos et al, 2018). Bazana et al (2015) have explored some nanoencapsulation techniques such as emulsification, coacervation, inclusion complexation and nanoprecipitation for lycopene.…”