Nanoengineering of Gold Nanoparticles: Green Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications

Abstract

The fundamental aspects of the manufacturing of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are discussed in this review. In particular, attention is devoted to the development of a simple and versatile method for the preparation of these nanoparticles. Eco-friendly synthetic routes, such as wet chemistry and biosynthesis with the aid of polymers, are of particular interest. Polymers can act as reducing and/or capping agents, or as soft templates leading to hybrid nanomaterials. This methodology allows control of the synthesis and stability of nanomaterials with novel properties. Thus, this review focus on a fundamental study of AuNPs properties and different techniques to characterize them, e.g., Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), UV-Visible spectroscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Small-angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS), and rheology. Recently, AuNPs obtained by “green” synthesis have been applied in catalysis, in medicine, and as antibacterials, sensors, among others.

Green Synthesized Nanomaterial‐based Colorimetric Sensors for Detection of Environmental Toxicants

“…It is a good turbidity removing agent, so helps to clean drinking water and is also safe and eco‐friendly. The presence of natural functional groups on chitosan facilitates the easy attachment of pollutants and also improves selectivity [7,8] …”

“…The synthesized nanomaterials can be characterized using FTIR, SEM, TEM, AFM, XRD, DLS and UV‐visible spectrophotometry as discussed below: [8,11–12] …”

One-pot green synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles using Rosa canina L. extract

“…Green and biological methods offer an alternative way of eliminating or minimizing the use of environmental-risk materials. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] These syntheses involve biological systems such as bacteria, fungus, and plants; however, the use of plant extracts is the most popular method because is the simplest extracellular syntheses for obtaining metallic nanoparticles on a large scale. A great variety of plants extracts have been used to synthesize metallic nanoparticles.…”

“…Different secondary metabolites, for example alkaloids, avonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoids, polyphenols, phenolic acids, ketones, aldehydes, as well as polysaccharides, amino acids, proteins and vitamins present in plant extracts, are involved in the reduction of metal cations and the stabilization of the nanoparticles formed. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Generally, natural antioxidants are able to reduce silver and gold cations and some previous works have used this property to assess the antioxidant potential of different phytochemicals. [19][20][21] In particular, rosehip, the pseudofruit of Rosa canina L., is well-known for its excellent antioxidant properties.…”

Recent Advancement of Ullmann Condensation Coupling Reaction in the Formation of Aryl-Oxygen (C-O) Bonding by Copper-Mediated Catalyst

“…However, the copper-mediated C-C, C-O, C-N, and C-S bond formation is a part of one oldest reactions, emphasizing the Ullmann cross-coupling reaction [9,10]. size-related electronic, magnetic, and optical properties, and utilization as a catalysis in biology [25]. Besides these precious metals, silver [26], nickel [27,28], and rhodium [29] were also studied and applied to the Ullmann coupling reaction.…”