Nanofibrous hemostatic materials: Structural design, fabrication methods, and hemostatic mechanisms

One-step Preparation of Antibacterial Gelatin/Polycaprolactone Nanofibrous Janus Membranes for Efficient Hemostasis

“…Furthermore, the results of the contact angle tests confirmed the opposite wettability of the two layers. As shown in Figure c, the water droplet was soon spreading on the surface of the Gel@Ze@PDA membrane (hydrophilic layer), and the water contact angle (WCA) decreased from 10 to 0° within 8 s (Movie S2), which enabled blood to spread quickly across the fibrous membrane and the blood cells to attach to the fibers. ,,, On the contrary, the PCL layer presented a relatively high WCA of 131 ± 2°, and it remained nearly constant for even over 3 min (Figure d, Movie S3). The excellent hydrophobic property of the PCL enabled the Janus membrane to maintain its original shape, effectively seal the wound, and control bleeding.…”

“…As shown in Figure 3c, the water droplet was soon spreading on the surface of the Gel@Ze@PDA membrane (hydrophilic layer), and the water contact angle (WCA) decreased from 10 to 0°w ithin 8 s (Movie S2), which enabled blood to spread quickly across the fibrous membrane and the blood cells to attach to the fibers. 4,15,40,41 On the contrary, the PCL layer presented a relatively high WCA of 131 ± 2°, and it remained nearly constant for even over 3 min (Figure 3d, Movie S3). The (a) Photographs of E. coli colonies after treatments with PBS, Gel@Ze@PDA fibrous membrane, and Gel@Ze@PDA/PCL fibrous membrane.…”

“…In most accidents caused by traffic or war, massive bleeding and its complications (including anemia, organ failure, and hypothermia) are the primary threats to the lives of injured patients. − Although the self-hemostatic function is activated when the human body is injured and bleeding, wherein platelets and red blood cells are enriched at the wound site and form stable blood clots to realize hemostasis, the response and action of the process are relatively slow and delayed and cannot meet the requirements of hemostasis when the bleeding is relatively excessive. Admittedly, various hemostatic products have been designed and commercialized, such as sponges (Stypro, Gelfoam, and XSTAT), gels (SURGIFLO, FLOSEAL), powders (SURGICEL, Celox Gauze), and so on. − However, most of them suffer from the drawbacks of ineffectiveness during massive hemorrhage and thrombogenic complications.…”

In situ forming double-crosslinked hydrogels with highly dispersed short fibers for the treatment of irregular wounds

“…have made electrospun nanofibrous materials become promising candidates in biomedical applications. [32][33][34] Fibrous membrane-enhanced hydrogels have been reported by layer-by-layer assembly. 35 For example, Stocco et al 36 developed a reinforced hydrogel by introducing multilayers of aligned electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL)/carbon nanotube nanofibrous membranes into a collagen-based hydrogel, which dramatically strengthened the mechanical performance of the composite hydrogels.…”

Fabrication Procedure for a 3D Hollow Nanofibrous Bifurcated-Tubular Scaffold by Conformal Electrospinning

“…Synthetic vascular grafts can be fabricated using various techniques, such as molding, casting, electrospinning, and three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting. − Among these, electrospinning has been intensively studied for producing nanofibers and nanofibrous structures with unique properties, such as high porosity, large active surface area, and extracellular-mimetic structures. − Due to their unique properties, electrospun nanofibers and their assemblies have received substantial research interest for use in various applications, including clothing, environmental filters, and batteries. − These characteristics make electrospun nanofibrous vascular grafts a promising option for vascular reconstructions. ,− Given that conventional electrospinning methods produce a 2D flat nanofibrous mat on a collector, 3D tubular-shaped collectors have been introduced to create a 3D vascular-shaped nanofibrous scaffold. − However, the shape of the resulting 3D nanofibrous vascular scaffold is limited due to the complex geometries of the collector, which produce a nonuniform electric field, thereby causing nonuniform deposition of electrospun nanofibers. , To overcome these limitations, various approaches, including rolling, claying, gas-forming, hydrolysis, and hydrogel collectors, have been suggested to achieve a complex-shaped 3D nanofibrous architecture. ,− Although these approaches can increase the complexity of the 3D nanofibrous architecture, the resultant 3D nanofibrous architectures still have limitations, including poor mechanical properties and limited design flexibility. − …”