Nanomaterial-based biosensors for biological detections

Abstract

Nanomaterial-based biosensors have become one of the major topics in the field of diagnostics. With the growing demand on devices with improved sensitivity and selectivity, rapid response time, and low cost, four categories of nanomaterials have become popular in biosensor research: gold nanoparticles, graphene, carbon nanotubes, and photonic crystals. The ongoing research has brought new designs of biosensors based on nanomaterials, which have greatly improved the potential of field-deployable microfabricated devices. This review describes the recent technologies employing the aforementioned nanomaterials for electrochemical detection of biomolecules, including glucose, DNA, protein, toxins, and so on. We envisage that miniaturized lab-on-a-chip devices employing these nanomaterials will soon be an essential part of our daily life.

Deposition of nanomaterials: A crucial step in biosensor fabrication

“…Additionally, nanomaterials with a high surfaceto-volume ratio contribute by holding or immobilizing larger amounts of enzymes on their surface, which further improves the sensitivity and specificity of nanomaterial-based biosensors. Many review articles have been published on nanomaterial-based biosensors [48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64]. Furthermore, numerous biosensors have been fabricated using high-quality and tailored nanomaterials to obtain an optimal biosensing response during analyte detection.…”

Impact of nano-morphology, lattice defects and conductivity on the performance of graphene based electrochemical biosensors

“…Nanomaterials are very appealing materials for development of innovative future biosensors. Exceptionally small size and high surface area to volume ratios permit intimate interaction with target biomolecules [34, 35]. By comparison, sensors uniquely based on bare GCE, PGE or SPCE show limitations.…”

Porous Silicon Optical Devices: Recent Advances in Biosensing Applications

“…In this context, nanostructured materials gained prominence in many applications because of their unique physicochemical characteristics over their bulk counterpart, such as high surface-to-volume ratio, small size, light absorption, optical sensitivity, and electrical and thermal conductivity [ 6 , 7 ]. Moreover, nanostructure-based biosensors show enhanced biosensing performances over conventional detection methods (i.e., higher sensitivity, fast response time, and low limit of detection (LoD)) [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Among the many available nanomaterials (e.g., quantum dots (QDs), metallic nanoparticles, carbon nanotube), porous silicon (PSi) has outstanding windows for applications in several research fields, from biosensing to drug delivery, thanks to its well-known optical and physical features [ 11 , 12 , 13 ].…”