Nanomaterial surface chemistry design for advancements in capillary electrophoresis modes

Abstract

Tailored surface chemistry impacts nanomaterial function and stability in applications including in various capillary electrophoresis (CE) modes. Although colloidal nanoparticles were first integrated as colouring agents in artwork and pottery over 2000 years ago, recent developments in nanoparticle synthesis and surface modification increased their usefulness and incorporation in separation science. For instance, precise control of surface chemistry is critically important in modulating nanoparticle functionality and stability in dynamic environments. Herein, recent developments in nanomaterial pseudostationary and stationary phases will be summarized. First, nanomaterial core and surface chemistry compositions will be classified. Next, characterization methods will be described and related to nanomaterial function in various CE modes. Third, methods and implications of nanomaterial incorporation into CE will be discussed. Finally, nanoparticle-specific mechanisms likely involved in CE will be related to nanomaterial surface chemistry. Better understanding of surface chemistry will improve nanoparticle design for the integration into separation techniques.

Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes as functional monomer to prepare hybrid monolithic columns for capillary electrochromatography and capillary liquid chromatography

“…Taken advantage of their property of large surface area, to date, the nanostructured materials, such as carbon nanotubes, silica, magnetic and non-magnetic metal oxides, silver and gold nanoparticles, have been adopted in chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques, in which nanoparticles serve as additives, or permanent/dynamic capillary inner surface coatings in capillary electrophoresis (CE) [2][3][4][5], as stationary phases in capillary electrochromatography (CEC) [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] and gas chromatography (GC) [13,14], as well as liquid chromatography (LC) [15].…”

Varying nanoparticle pseudostationary phase plug length during capillary electrophoresis

“…Because nanoparticle stability limits the reproducibility of electrically driven separations, 21,73 varying nanoparticle concentration leads to irreproducible data (results not shown). Second, varying solution pH is a straight forward method to disrupt/encourage these interactions in bulk solutions; however, both electrophoretic and electroosmotic flow velocities would be simultaneously impacted during a capillary electrophoresis separation.…”

Advances in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders Employing Nanoparticles

“…This system of capillary electrophoresis needs a small sample volume requirement (can be blood, CSF or brain extracts), allow an excellent separation capability. Samples are injected into the system in the presence of nanoparticles which will serve to significantly enhance both detection and separation efficiencies of the targeted biomarkers [112,113].…”