Nanomaterials for Nanotheranostics: Tuning Their Properties According to Disease Needs

Abstract

Nanotheranostics is one of the biggest scientific breakthroughs in nanomedicine. Most of the currently available diagnosis and therapies are invasive, time-consuming and associated with severe toxic side effects. Nanotheranostics, on the other hand, has the potential to bridge this gap by harnessing the capabilities of nanotechnology and nanomaterials for combined therapeutics and diagnostics with markedly enhanced efficacy. However, nanomaterial applications in nanotheranostics are still in its infancy. This is due to the fact that each disease has a particular microenvironment with well-defined characteristics, which promotes deeper selection criteria of nanomaterials to meet the disease needs. In this review, we have outlined how nanomaterials are designed and tailored for nanotheranostics of cancer, and other diseases such as neurodegenerative, autoimmune (particularly on rheumatoid arthritis) and cardiovascular diseases. The penetrability and retention of a nanomaterial in the biological system, the therapeutic strategy used and the imaging mode selected are some of the aspects discussed for each disease. The specific properties of the nanomaterials in terms of feasibility, physicochemical challenges, progress in clinical trials, its toxicity and their future application on translational medicine are addressed. Our review meticulously and critically examines the applications of nanotheranostics with various nanomaterials, including graphene, across several diseases; offering a broader perspective of this emerging field.

Nanotechnologies for enhancing cancer immunotherapy

“…Moreover, there are chemodynamic therapy (CDT) [78,79], sonodynamic therapy (SDT) [39,80], magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [65,81] and photoacoustic imaging (PAI) [82] induced by physiochemical properties of material itself. They are frequently used in combination with conventional methods for cancer diagnosis, imaging and treatment because of noninvasive processes, enhanced spatiotemporal control, less time-consuming and more precise effect, termed "nanotheranostic" [83][84][85][86]. Yang et al took advantages in semiconducting materials with strong near-infrared absorption to establish the perylene diimide (PDI)-based theranostic NP.…”

Two-Dimensional Theranostic Nanomaterials in Cancer Treatment: State of the Art and Perspectives

“…The term theranotheranostic refers to a comprehensive effort that integrates diagnostics and therapy in a single nanoplatform [1,2]. Nanotheranostic harnesses the capabilities of nanotechnology, enhancing therapeutic efficacy and diagnosing ability with a marked difference compared to other currently available diagnoses and therapies, including chemotherapy [3], immunotherapy [4] and radiotherapy [5].…”

Insights into Nanomedicine for Immunotherapeutics in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the head and neck

“…Nano-scaled materials such as liposomes, micelles, MSV and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are optimized as nanocarriers to incorporate with anti-cancer drugs or biomolecules for the development of localized drug delivery systems [40]. For example, anticancer drugs including doxorubicin, paclitaxel, cisplatin, topotecan, 5-fluorouracil and small interfering RNA (siRNA) have been developed for cancer nanotherapeutics [41,42].…”