Nanomaterials for Neural Interfaces

Abstract

This review focuses on the application of nanomaterials for neural interfacing. The junction between nanotechnology and neural tissues can be particularly worthy of scientific attention for several reasons: (i) Neural cells are electroactive, and the electronic properties of nanostructures can be tailored to match the charge transport requirements of electrical cellular interfacing. (ii) The unique mechanical and chemical properties of nanomaterials are critical for integration with neural tissue as long‐term implants. (iii) Solutions to many critical problems in neural biology/medicine are limited by the availability of specialized materials. (iv) Neuronal stimulation is needed for a variety of common and severe health problems. This confluence of need, accumulated expertise, and potential impact on the well‐being of people suggests the potential of nanomaterials to revolutionize the field of neural interfacing. In this review, we begin with foundational topics, such as the current status of neural electrode (NE) technology, the key challenges facing the practical utilization of NEs, and the potential advantages of nanostructures as components of chronic implants. After that the detailed account of toxicology and biocompatibility of nanomaterials in respect to neural tissues is given. Next, we cover a variety of specific applications of nanoengineered devices, including drug delivery, imaging, topographic patterning, electrode design, nanoscale transistors for high‐resolution neural interfacing, and photoactivated interfaces. We also critically evaluate the specific properties of particular nanomaterials—including nanoparticles, nanowires, and carbon nanotubes—that can be taken advantage of in neuroprosthetic devices. The most promising future areas of research and practical device engineering are discussed as a conclusion to the review.

Surface Coating as a Key Parameter in Engineering Neuronal Network Structures In Vitro

“…There is a growing interest in engineering neuronal networks in vitro [1,2]. Such artificial neuronal networks have been employed as models for studying the functions of neuronal network [3][4][5] for engineering artificial intelligence [6,7] and for neuro-interfacing [8].…”

Sciatic nerve repair using poly(ε‐caprolactone) tubular prosthesis associated with nanoparticles of carbon and graphene

“…All these features make them excellent devices for neural implants, helping structurally and functionally for regeneration of damaged axons (Kotov et al, 2009;Sun, Sun, Li, & Peng, 2013).…”

“…Nanometric supports have also been implemented to promote growth and development of neurons and non-neural cells (Mattson, Haddon, & Rao, 2000). The large class of nanomaterials currently available contains many families of nanostructures (Kotov et al, 2009).…”

Potential Drug Targets for Neuroregeneration and Repair

“…Carbon nanotube cylindrical morphology is reminiscent of that of distal neuronal dendrites [68], small cellular processes crucially involved in the ability of neurons to express complex computational skills. This similarity, together with carbon nanotube topographic features, physical properties, as conductivity, and surface-tovolume ratio [69], sets the stage for carbon nanotube exploitation in devices able to interface neuronal physiology. The use of nanomaterials in the design of tissue scaffolds in the CNS is primarily due to their abilities to favour neuronal adhesion, to re-create an ECM-like microenvironment and to interact with neuronal membranes at the nanoscale.…”