Nanomaterials for the Consolidation of Stone Artifacts

Chelazzi, David; Camerini, Rachel; Giorgi, Rodorico; Baglioni, Piero

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72260-3_7

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Nanomaterials science has been considered an interesting alternative route to enable new solutions in the stone conservation field [18,19]. Thus, the modification of the predominant alkoxysilane-based or TEOS-based formulations for stone consolidation has been widely attempted (e.g., [20][21][22]). The development of nanocomposites based on colloidal dispersion of nanoparticles showed promising advantages (e.g., penetration depth, increase of the specific surface available to the reactions) [20,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, the modification of the predominant alkoxysilane-based or TEOS-based formulations for stone consolidation has been widely attempted (e.g., [20][21][22]). The development of nanocomposites based on colloidal dispersion of nanoparticles showed promising advantages (e.g., penetration depth, increase of the specific surface available to the reactions) [20,21]. Some nano-modifiers were mainly applied for other purposes-nano-TiO 2 , -SnO 2 , or -Al 2 O 3 biocide and/or self-cleaning properties (e.g., [23][24][25][26]) TEOS-based particle-modified consolidants with a noticeably reduced degree of cracking have been often reported [27][28][29][30][31], for instance with the use of silica nanoparticles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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TEOS Nanocomposites for the Consolidation of Carbonate Stone: The Effect of Nano-HAp and Nano-SiO2 Modifiers

et al. 2022

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This study aimed at evaluating the effect of hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanosized structures and nanoparticles of hydrophilic silica as modifiers of both acid- and alkaline-catalysed tetraethoxysilane (TEOS)-based products for the consolidation of carbonate stones. Their initial effectiveness and some compatibility aspects were assessed in a porous limestone (sound and artificially aged Ançã stone samples) and two types of treatment (capillary absorption and brushing). The studied products were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Their depth of penetration and strengthening effect were evaluated through drilling resistance. Their action on the substrate was also further assessed by non-destructive methods based on colour variation and Shore-D hardness. Treated stone samples were dissimilarly affected by the tested treatments and exhibited a significant increase in strength with a low risk of over-strengthening. Adequate in-depth penetration patterns, as well as colour compatibility with the substrate were obtained with some of the prepared formulations through two types of treatment, both in sound and aged stone samples. The potential most effective treatments with the lowest colour change were obtained with the acid-catalysed TEOS-based products modified with HAp nanosized structures.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

TEOS Nanocomposites for the Consolidation of Carbonate Stone: The Effect of Nano-HAp and Nano-SiO2 Modifiers

et al. 2022

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“…For this reason, conservation scientists have thought and designed new materials based on silicates, but with different properties that derive directly from the dimensions confined in the nanoscale, as the different dispersibility in several different working mediums, generating a nanosuspension and not a consolidating agent in a solvent. According to what has been said previously, several nanoparticles have been synthesized and applied to Florentine sandstones by many authors in literature, such as SiO 2 [8][9][10][11], Ca(OH) 2 /nano lime [12][13][14], CaCO 3 [15,16], nanocomposite materials [17,18] and hybrid nanocomposite materials based on consolidating agents and biocide, as reported in the literature [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SiO2 Nanoparticles as New Repairing Treatments toward the Pietraforte Sandstone in Florence Renaissance Buildings

Valentini

Pallecchi²,

Relucenti

et al. 2022

Crystals

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In this work, the consolidation efficiency of SiO2 nanoparticles (synthesized in the Chemistry laboratories at the Tor Vergata University of Roma) was tested on Pietraforte sandstone surfaces belonging to the bell tower of San Lorenzo (Florence, Italy) and was fully investigated. Nanoparticles (synthesized in large-scale mass production) have been characterized by XRD—X-Ray Diffraction; Raman and FTIR—Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy; SEM—Scanning Electron Microscopy; while the Pietraforte sandstone morphology was examined by Porosimetry, capillary absorption test, surface hardness test, drilling resistance and tensile strength. The colorimetric measurements were also performed to characterize the optical modification exhibited by Pietraforte sandstones, especially after the SiO2 treatments. Our results show that applying to the Pietraforte, the new consolidating agent based on SiO2 nanoparticles, has several advantages, as they are more resistant to perforation, wear, and abrasion even long range (for long times of exposure and consolidating exercise against Florentine sandstone), compared to the CaCO3 nanoparticles (tested in our previous paper), which instead show excellent performance but only close to their first application. This means that over time, their resistance to drilling decreases, they wear much more easily (compared to SiO2-treated sandstone), and tend to exhibit quite a significant surface abrasion phenomena. The experimental results highlight that the SiO2 consolidation efficiency on this kind of Florentine Pietraforte sandstone (having low porosity and a specific calcitic texture) seems to be higher in terms of water penetration protection, superficial cohesion forces, and an increase in surface resistance. Comparing the performance of SiO2 nanoparticles with commercial consolidants in solvents such as Estel 1000 (tested here), we demonstrate that: (A) the restorative effects are obtained with a consolidation time over one week, significantly shorter when compared to the times of Estel 1000, exceeding 21 days; (B) SiO2 nanoparticles perform better than Estel 1000 in terms of cohesion forces, also ensuring excellent preservation of the optical and color properties of the parent rock (without altering it after application).

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“…The vulnerability of the construction materials to this enhanced environmental loading depends upon their intrinsic characteristics and the role entailed in the construction [ 1 , 2 ]. The protection of monumental cultural heritage with innovative nanocomposites is in the vanguard of conservation science and a plethora of research activities are dedicated to the design and validation of compatible nanomaterials that exhibit strengthening, hydrophobic and self-cleaning properties [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conservation of Monuments by a Three-Layered Compatible Treatment of TEOS-Nano-Calcium Oxalate Consolidant and TEOS-PDMS-TiO2 Hydrophobic/Photoactive Hybrid Nanomaterials

et al. 2018

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In the conservation of monuments, research on innovative nanocomposites with strengthening, hydrophobic and self-cleaning properties have attracted the interest of the scientific community and promising results have been obtained as a result. In this study, stemming from the need for the compatibility of treatments in terms of nanocomposite/substrate, a three-layered compatible treatment providing strengthening, hydrophobic, and self-cleaning properties is proposed. This conservation approach was implemented treating lithotypes and mortars of different porosity and petrographic characteristics with a three-layered treatment comprising: (a) a consolidant, tetraethoxysilane (TEOS)-nano-Calcium Oxalate; (b) a hydrophobic layer of TEOS-polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS); and (c) a self-cleaning layer of TiO2 nanoparticles from titanium tetra-isopropoxide with oxalic acid as hole-scavenger. After the three-layered treatment, the surface hydrophobicity was improved due to PDMS and nano-TiO2 in the interface substrate/atmosphere, as proven by the homogeneity and the Si–O–Ti hetero-linkages of the blend protective/self-cleaning layers observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The aesthetic, microstructural, mechanical and permeabile compatibility of the majority of treated substrates ranged within acceptability limits. The improved photocatalytic activity, as proven by the total discoloration of methylene blue in the majority of cases, was attributed to the anchorage of TiO2, through the Si–O–Ti bonds to SiO2, in the interface with the atmosphere, thus enhancing photoactivation.

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Nanomaterials for the Consolidation of Stone Artifacts

Cited by 9 publications

References 61 publications

TEOS Nanocomposites for the Consolidation of Carbonate Stone: The Effect of Nano-HAp and Nano-SiO2 Modifiers

TEOS Nanocomposites for the Consolidation of Carbonate Stone: The Effect of Nano-HAp and Nano-SiO2 Modifiers

SiO2 Nanoparticles as New Repairing Treatments toward the Pietraforte Sandstone in Florence Renaissance Buildings

Conservation of Monuments by a Three-Layered Compatible Treatment of TEOS-Nano-Calcium Oxalate Consolidant and TEOS-PDMS-TiO2 Hydrophobic/Photoactive Hybrid Nanomaterials

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