Nanomaterials in the advancement of hydrogen energy storage

Abstract

The hydrogen economy is the key solution to secure a long-term energy future. Hydrogen production, storage, transportation, and its usage completes the unit of an economic system. These areas have been the topics of discussion for the past few decades. However, its storage methods have conflicted for on-board hydrogen applications. In this review, the promising systems based on solid-state hydrogen storage are discussed. It works generally on the principles of chemisorption and physisorption. The usage of hydrogen packing material in the system enhances volumetric and gravimetric densities of the system and helps in improving ambient conditions and system kinetics. Numerous aspects like pore size, surface area ligand functionalization and pore volume of the materials are intensively discussed. This review also examines the newly developed research based on MOF (Metal-Organic Frameworks). These hybrid clusters are employed for nano-confinement of hydrogen at elevated temperatures. A combination of the various methodologies may give another course to a wide scope in the area of energy storage materials later in the future.

Synthesis of Three‐Dimensional Reduced‐Graphene Oxide from Graphene Oxide

“…The 3D graphene structures deliberately eliminate the possibility of face-to-face restacking, expanding the usage of graphene in a broad range of fields. 3D graphene structures can be promising in electrochemical applications like supercapacitors, sensors, fuel cells, hydrogen storage, and flexible electronics [5,[153][154][155][156][157][158][159][160]. Furthermore, 3D graphene materials can be effectively employed as support catalysts in chemical and electrochemical reactions, especially in environmental remedy, where macroscopic structures are advantageous in recycling and recovery.…”

Hydrogen geologic storage in China: feasibility and challenges

“…Hydrogen has been very popular in recent years. As a clean and efficient energy source, it could be applied as an intermediate transition carrier for efficient energy conversion, and the hydrogen production process and raw materials are uncomplicated and acceptable [15][16][17]. Hydrogen energy is one of the major energy sources of the future, which will bring opportunities as well as many difficulties, such as hydrogen storage and transportation [18][19][20].…”

Complex Metal Borohydrides: From Laboratory Oddities to Prime Candidates in Energy Storage Applications

“…While the risk of running out of fossil fuels has been advocated for decades, the timeline is approaching and humanity needs to make a change. Therefore, alternative energy carriers are long sought-after; among them, metal hydrides and complex borohydrides have a special role [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. Reaching or exceeding the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) target is no easy task; the specific target for 2020 was 1.5 kWh/kg (4.5 wt.% hydrogen) and 1.0 kWh/L (0.03 Kg hydrogen/L), costing more than USD 10 /kWh (or USD 333/Kg of stored hydrogen capacity) [ 19 , 20 ].…”

“…Various reviews have tackled different areas regarding complex borohydrides and hydrogen, focusing either on current technologies [ 1 , 2 , 6 ] and conceptual design of storage materials [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 15 ], or on various forms of hydrogen carriers [ 7 , 8 ] utilized to eventually switch the aging and depleting conventional fuel to a “green” fuel [ 9 ]. Other reviews evaluate the role of nanostructured metal hydride species for hydrogen storage [ 10 , 17 ], and usually focus on the potential presented by light metal borohydrides [ 10 , 16 , 18 ]. In the latter, sodium borohydride is actually presented as the fuel for the future [ 18 ] and judging by the emerging reports dating from 2021–2022 one could argue that this is true.…”