Nanomaterials Synthesis Methods

Tuliński, Maciej; Jurczyk, M.

doi:10.1002/9783527800308.ch4

Cited by 54 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…However, clear borders between these groups do not exist. Thus, the mechanical methods ascribed elsewhere [27,[49][50][51][52][53] are often proposed to be combined with chemical methods, and also used for the modification and activation of synthesized materials. Using mechanochemistry, particles with sizes of up to submicron (100-1000 nm) can be produced.…”

Section: How Photoactive Heterostructures Are Madementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Widely used examples of chemical methods are sol-gel synthesis (including film formation by dip-coating and spin-coating methods from sols), synthesis in micelles (microemulsion approach), high temperature solid-state reaction, chemical precipitation or coprecipitation, chemical bath deposition, etc., i.e., facile methods of wet chemistry. These methods are reviewed in detail elsewhere [26][27][28][29]44,48,51,53]. Chemical precipitation carried out in an aqueous solution is straightforward and readily upgraded to an industrial scale [56][57][58].…”

Section: How Photoactive Heterostructures Are Madementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This group includes solvothermal synthesis (sometimes ultrasound-assisted) [27,28,44,51,53,63], microwave-assisted synthesis [26][27][28]44,53], photodeposition [29,44,64], synthesis in supercritical solvents [65], aerosol pyrolysis (spray pyrolysis and laser pyrolysis) [26,27,53,66], chemical exfoliation [53], and methods for nanoparticle or film growth from the gas phase (chemical vapor deposition [26,27,44,51,53,67], atomic layer deposition [48], etc. ), the growth of nanostructures by the liquid-crystal mechanism (hot injection [29], successive ionic layer adsorption (SILAR) [29,68] and other methods of layer-bylayer deposition [26,28,44,69]).…”

Section: How Photoactive Heterostructures Are Madementioning

confidence: 99%

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Photoactive Heterostructures: How They Are Made and Explored

et al. 2021

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In our review we consider the results on the development and exploration of heterostructured photoactive materials with major attention focused on what are the better ways to form this type of materials and how to explore them correctly. Regardless of what type of heterostructure, metal–semiconductor or semiconductor–semiconductor, is formed, its functionality strongly depends on the quality of heterojunction. In turn, it depends on the selection of the heterostructure components (their chemical and physical properties) and on the proper choice of the synthesis method. Several examples of the different approaches such as in situ and ex situ, bottom-up and top-down, are reviewed. At the same time, even if the synthesis of heterostructured photoactive materials seems to be successful, strong experimental physical evidence demonstrating true heterojunction formation are required. A possibility for obtaining such evidence using different physical techniques is discussed. Particularly, it is demonstrated that the ability of optical spectroscopy to study heterostructured materials is in fact very limited. At the same time, such experimental techniques as high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and electrophysical methods (work function measurements and impedance spectroscopy) present a true signature of heterojunction formation. Therefore, whatever the purpose of heterostructure formation and studies is, the application of HRTEM and electrophysical methods is necessary to confirm that formation of the heterojunction was successful.

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Section: How Photoactive Heterostructures Are Madementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: How Photoactive Heterostructures Are Madementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: How Photoactive Heterostructures Are Madementioning

confidence: 99%

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Photoactive Heterostructures: How They Are Made and Explored

et al. 2021

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“…influencing the improvement of some properties. The process can be controlled by the following parameters: time of milling, the ball to powder mass ratio, type of the mill, milling speed, etc [26,36]. Ti-Nb-Zr alloys have been produced by mechanical alloying but the influence of Nb and Zr on the crystal structure has not been examined [27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crystal Structure Evolution, Microstructure Formation, and Properties of Mechanically Alloyed Ultrafine-Grained Ti-Zr-Nb Alloys at 36≤Ti≤70 (at. %)

et al. 2020

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Titanium β-type alloys are preferred biomaterials for hard tissue replacements due to the low Young modulus and limitation of harmful aluminum and vanadium present in the commercially available Ti6Al4V alloy. The aim of this study was to develop a new ternary Ti-Zr-Nb system at 36≤Ti≤70 (at. %). The technical viability of preparing Ti-Zr-Nb alloys by high-energy ball-milling in a SPEX 8000 mill has been studied. These materials were prepared by the combination of mechanical alloying and powder metallurgy approach with cold powder compaction and sintering. Changes in the crystal structure as a function of the milling time were investigated using X-ray diffraction. Our study has shown that mechanical alloying supported by cold pressing and sintering at the temperature below α→β transus (600°C) can be applied to synthesize single-phase, ultrafine-grained, bulk Ti(β)-type Ti30Zr17Nb, Ti23Zr25Nb, Ti30Zr26Nb, Ti22Zr34Nb, and Ti30Zr34Nb alloys. Alloys with lower content of Zr and Nb need higher sintering temperatures to have them fully recrystallized. The properties of developed materials are also engrossing in terms of their biomedical use with Young modulus significantly lower than that of pure titanium.

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“…Equipamentos caros, muitas vezes não são precisas, dependem de padrões analíticos, sujeitos a contaminação e variações ocasionadas por condições ambientais 49,50 Métodos de estrutura eletrônica São métodos independentes de limitações experimentais, reprodutíveis em qualquer lugar do globo, por não estarem sujeitos a variações ambientais 51 .…”

Section: Métodos Instrumentais Experimentaisunclassified

Estudo QSAR aplicado a pesticidas benzimidazólicos para a análise de risco ambiental

Peruquetti¹

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Estudos ambientais vêm ganhando força desde o século passado, com a crescente preocupação da manutenção de um meio ambiente equilibrado. Com a crescente demanda de conhecimento do comportamento de substâncias químicas, novas alternativas surgiram, dentre elas, as técnicas computacionais ou in silico. Uma importante ferramenta in silico são os estudos QSAR, que podem ser empregados na predição de diversas propriedades de substâncias químicas. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar, com o auxílio de um modelo QSAR, a DL50 aguda oral para ratos de uma série de pesticidas benzimidazólicos pouco conhecidos, para posterior aplicação em estudos de análise de risco. Métodos de estrutura eletrônica, como os métodos DFT, foram empregados na obtenção de descritores para a criação do modelo de QSAR, bem como cálculo de espectros de infravermelho teóricos. Além das doses letais calculadas pelo QSAR, foram calculadas DL50 por meio de softwares livres disponíveis. Os cálculos de otimização geométrica e propriedades físico-químicas foram bem-sucedidos, assim como a criação dos espectros, gerando dados importantes para a criação dos modelos de QSAR. Os valores de DL50 obtidos, tanto pelos modelos construídos quanto pelos programas, apresentaram correlação com os valores experimentais disponíveis na literatura. Por meio desse estudo foi possível, ainda, realizar a classificação da maioria das moléculas de acordo com a cada classe toxicológica estabelecida pela EMBRAPA. Os modelos de QSAR foram validados interna e externamente, tiveram seus domínios de aplicabilidade definidos, foi averiguada a não ambiguidade de seus algoritmos e possibilitaram a determinação de um possível mecanismo de ação. Atingindo todos esses pontos, eles atingiram diretrizes da OECD. A aplicação de todas as técnicas empregadas fica evidenciada com clareza, já que os métodos utilizados apresentam alternativas rápidas e baratas, capazes de realizar estudos de grandes quantidades de pesticidas em pouco tempo. É possível concluir que todos os objetivos deste trabalho foram atingidos satisfatoriamente, já que os resultados obtidos foram de alta qualidade e aplicabilidade. Palavras-chave: QSAR, quimiometria, pesticidas benzimidazólicos, química computacional, análise de risco ambiental, toxicidade in silico.

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Nanomaterials Synthesis Methods

Cited by 54 publications

References 38 publications

Photoactive Heterostructures: How They Are Made and Explored

Photoactive Heterostructures: How They Are Made and Explored

Crystal Structure Evolution, Microstructure Formation, and Properties of Mechanically Alloyed Ultrafine-Grained Ti-Zr-Nb Alloys at 36≤Ti≤70 (at. %)

Estudo QSAR aplicado a pesticidas benzimidazólicos para a análise de risco ambiental

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