Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems: promising approaches against infections

Abstract

Despite the fact that many new drugs and technologies have been developed to combat the infectious diseases

The antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles: present situation and prospects for the future

“…50 The treatment of infections caused by intracellular pathogens and strains with drug resistance is more complex using antibiotics 51 because of antibiotics' poor membrane transport. Drugs of average size thus have little effect on intracellular microbes.…”

Microbially synthesized nanoparticles as next generation antimicrobials: scope and applications

“…Different metallic NPs, including gold (Au), silver (Ag), titanium (Ti), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and magnesium (Mg), are known for their efficient antimicrobial properties (Schrofel et al, 2014). These NPs are stable when stored for long duration and can withstand harsh processing conditions including high temperature and pH, without getting inactivated (Ranghar et al, 2014). The shape and size of nanoparticles greatly influence its antimicrobial activity.…”

“…The mechanism of antimicrobial action for Fe 3 O 4 -NPs is believed to be as a result of oxidative stress generated due to the release of ROS such as hydroxyl radicals (OH 2 ), superoxide radicals (O 2 2 ), hydrogen peroxide, and singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) (Behera et al, 2012). These resulting free radicals in turn cause depolymerization of polysaccharides, DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and/or inactivation of enzymes (Ranghar et al, 2014).…”

“…In recent years, it was found that visible light absorbing photocatalysts of Ag/AgBr/TiO 2 efficiently inhibit E. coli and S. aureus (Ravishankar and Jamuna, 2011). It has been found that silver coated TiO 2 material exhibits enhanced photocatalytic and antibactericidal property relative to TiO 2 alone (Ranghar et al, 2014). Recently, it is observed that TiO 2 -NPs also show antimicrobial efficacy in absence of UV irradiation, suggesting their involvement in other bactericidal mechanism (Pelgrift and Friedman, 2013).…”

“…However, the inefficient delivery of these conventional drugs to the target site results in inadequate therapeutic effects and undesirable side effects. Other limitations include difficulty in administration due to their low solubility, lack of target specificity, cytotoxic to host tissues, and rapid degradation and clearance from the body (Ranghar et al, 2014). Delivering the right dose of drug precisely and safely to the specific target at the right time is the main goal in the designing of an ideal drug delivery system (Li et al, 2011).…”