Nanoparticle-enhanced electrical detection of Zika virus on paper microchips

Abstract

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a reemerging flavivirus causing an ongoing pandemic and public health emergency worldwide. There are currently no effective vaccines or specific therapy for Zika infection. Rapid, low-cost diagnostics for mass screening and early detection are of paramount importance in timely management of the infection at the point-of-care (POC). The current Zika diagnostics are laboratory-based and cannot be implemented at the POC particularly in resource-limited settings. Here, we develop a nanoparticle-enhanced viral lysate electrical sensing assay for Zika virus detection on paper microchips with printed electrodes. The virus is isolated from biological samples using antibodies and labeled with platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) to enhance the electrical signal. The captured ZIKV-PtNP complexes are lysed using a detergent to release the electrically charged molecules associated with the intact virus and the PtNPs on the captured viruses. The released charged molecules and PtNPs change the electrical conductivity of the solution, which can be measured on a cellulose paper microchip with screen-printed microelectrodes. The results confirmed a highly specific detection of ZIKV in the presence of other non-targeted viruses, including closely related flaviviruses such as dengue virus-1 and dengue virus-2 with a detection limit down to 101 virus particles per μl. The developed assay is simple, rapid, and cost-effective and has the potential for POC diagnosis of viral infections and treatment monitoring.

Instrument-Free and Visual Detection of Salmonella Based on Magnetic Nanoparticles and an Antibody Probe Immunosensor

“…Conversely, immunodiagnostic approaches are more rapid, sensitive, and stable than nucleic acid assays, especially for samples such as milk [41], whole blood [42], and saliva [43]. Many novel immunosensors have been developed, which combine immunology with magnetic nanoparticles [22], platinum nanoparticles [44], or Pt nanomotors [45]. Instrument-free and mobile diagnostic technologies could transform the current foodborne pathogen detection systems, particularly in resource-limited settings.…”

Electrochemical diagnostics of infectious viral diseases: Trends and challenges

“…Especially the electrochemical immunosensors have emerged as an alternative diagnostic methods for the traditional clinical assays in medical diagnostics and pandemic diseases management ( Hussein et al, 2020 ; Ranjan et al, 2021 ; Torrente-Rodríguez et al, 2020 ). This section summarizes the sensor systems in which the recognition matrix is comprised of antibodies for the selective electrochemical detection of hepatitis A ( Mandli et al, 2017 ), of hepatitis B ( Akkapinyo et al, 2020 ; Wei et al, 2020 ), of hepatitis C ( Zhao and Liu, 2016 ), five types of hepatitis ( Tang et al, 2010 ), HPV ( Piro et al, 2011 ; Valencia et al, 2016 ; Zari et al, 2009 ), HIV ( Akkapinyo et al, 2020 ; Macchia et al, 2020 ), Zika ( Cabral-Miranda et al, 2018 ; Draz et al, 2018 ; Faria and Mazon, 2019 ; Kaushik et al, 2018 ), Dengue ( Cheng et al, 2012 ; Nawaz et al, 2018 ), Rotavirus ( Attar et al, 2016 ; Liu et al, 2013 ) and Influenza virus ( Zhou et al, 2013 ).…”

Recent progresses and remaining challenges for the detection of Zika virus

“…Moreover, LODs of 0.045 ng/ml in buffer and 0.15 ng/ml in serum samples were obtained. In addition, reduced cross‐reactivity with a high‐level DENV NS1 was observed 308 . Saraf et al have developed a novel polydimethylsiloxane‐based microfluidic device (Figure 24) for detecting the viral EP (e.g., ZIKV and CHIKV).…”