Nanoparticles and their potential for application in bone

Abstract

Abstract:Biomaterials are commonly applied in regenerative therapy and tissue engineering in bone, and have been substantially refined in recent years. Thereby, research approaches focus more and more on nanoparticles, which have great potential for a variety of applications. Generally, nanoparticles interact distinctively with bone cells and tissue, depending on their composition, size, and shape. Therefore, detailed analyses of nanoparticle effects on cellular functions have been performed to select the most suitable candidates for supporting bone regeneration. This review will highlight potential nanoparticle applications in bone, focusing on cell labeling as well as drug and gene delivery. Labeling, eg, of mesenchymal stem cells, which display exceptional regenerative potential, makes monitoring and evaluation of cell therapy approaches possible. By including bioactive molecules in nanoparticles, locally and temporally controlled support of tissue regeneration is feasible, eg, to directly influence osteoblast differentiation or excessive osteoclast behavior. In addition, the delivery of genetic material with nanoparticulate carriers offers the possibility of overcoming certain disadvantages of standard protein delivery approaches, such as aggregation in the bloodstream during systemic therapy. Moreover, nanoparticles are already clinically applied in cancer treatment. Thus, corresponding efforts could lead to new therapeutic strategies to improve bone regeneration or to treat bone disorders.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles enhance production of superoxide anion and alter the antioxidant system in human osteoblast cells

“…1 TiO 2 NPs, when added to composites, increase their durability to mechanical damage, especially cracking and breaking, and minimize the risk of bacterial infections. [1][2][3] Because of these unique properties TiO 2 NPs are increasingly used in endoprostheses and scaffolds for bonetissue reconstruction. 2,3 However, nanotoxicological studies are crucial for the safe and sustainable development of emerging and established nanomaterials such as TiO 2 NPs.…”

“…[1][2][3] Because of these unique properties TiO 2 NPs are increasingly used in endoprostheses and scaffolds for bonetissue reconstruction. 2,3 However, nanotoxicological studies are crucial for the safe and sustainable development of emerging and established nanomaterials such as TiO 2 NPs. Indeed, TiO 2 NPs may also have harmful/cytotoxic effects.…”

Nanomedicine applications in orthopedic medicine: state of the art

“…127,128 To monitor these pro cesses, hMSCs have been labeled with diverse NPs such as quantum dots (QDs), fluorescence-labeled mesoporous silica NPs, gold NPs, and superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) NPs. 7 The fluorescent labeling of osteoblast cells using HA grown with nucleating seed of hydrophilic CdSe/ ZnS QDs allows real-time observation of cell under confocal microscope. A study performed on MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cells showed that the cells could engulf HA with surfacetailored QDs showing fluorescent spots in the cytoplasm, while HA and QDs NPs were not engulfed.…”

“…6 Many studies have shown that nanomaterials enable enhancement of osteointegration and promote healing of bone-related diseases. 7 Wang et al 8 have recently shown that nanostructured calcium phosphate scaffolds could support stem cell attachment/proliferation and induce osteogenic differentiation due to their chemical or crystallographic similarities to inorganic components of bone. Antimicrobial and drug-eluting coatings are other examples for the application of nanomaterials in orthopedic medicine.…”

Effects of Silica Nanoparticles on Rat Cortical Bone Biomechanics: Experimental Study

“…7 Nanoparçacıkların kemikteki kullanım alanlarının başında rejeneratif tedavide hücre işa-retleyici, kanser ve diğer kemik hastalıklarında ilaç taşıyıcı ve gen taşıyıcı, kemik doku mühendisliğinde ise mineralizasyonu aktive etmek için kaplama ve dolgu maddesi olarak kullanımı gelmektedir. [7][8][9] Nanoparçacıkların günlük yaşamda kullanım-larına ilişkin çalışmaların artışına paralel olarak, bu parçacıkların insan ve çevre sağlığı üzerine etkilerine ilişkin araştırmalar da giderek artmaktadır. Doğal ortamda veya kullanılan ürünlerde bulunan nanoparçacıklar bulundukları ortamdan kolaylıkla ayrılarak havaya, havadan da solunum yoluyla vü-cuda geçmektedirler.…”