Nanoparticles as Smart Carriers for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy

Thakur, Neelam; Thakur, Saloni; Chatterjee, Sharmistha; Das, Joydeep; Sil, Parames C.

doi:10.3389/fchem.2020.597806

Cited by 69 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 209 publications

(245 reference statements)

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“…Also, by stimulating the body's immune system, cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy for treating many types of cancer. This therapy not only eradicates tumor cells by inducing a strong anti-tumor immune response but also prevents tumor recurrence (31). The metabolism of cancer cells is usually very different from that of normal cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SMOX expression predicts the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer

Huang¹,

Zhang²,

Shi³

2021

Ann Transl Med

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Background: The development of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is very rapid, and the effect of its treatment is often closely related to the diagnosis time of the disease. Therefore, simple and convenient tumor biomarkers are helpful for the timely diagnosis and prevention of NSCLC.Methods: Through univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses, SMOX was determined as an independent prognostic factor of GSE42127, GSE41271, GSE68465, and TCGA datasets. Furthermore, western blot, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and immunohistochemical analysis were performed to confirm the predictive efficiency of SMOX expression in NSCLC.Results: Patients were divided into high and low expression groups according to the median value of SMOX expression, and Kaplan-Meier curves of multiple datasets indicated that patients with low SMOX expression had a better survival rate. According to the analysis of immune infiltration, the immune microenvironment, and immune checkpoints, SMOX expression of the high and low groups showed differences in immunity in NSCLC. By comparing cancer and adjacent tissues using western blot analysis, RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analysis, we found that SMOX was highly expressed in tumor tissues and had low expression in adjacent tissues. Simultaneously, the Kaplan-Meier curve suggested that among the 155 NSCLC patients, those with low SMOX expression had better survival.Conclusions: SMOX can be used as an effective predictive target for NSCLC.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SMOX expression predicts the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer

Huang¹,

Zhang²,

Shi³

2021

Ann Transl Med

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“…Immunotherapeutic agents, including checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines, cytokines, and adjuvants, are commonly applied during clinical cancer immunotherapy. However, systemic delivery of immunostimulatory agents may cause potential side effects such as high immune-mediated toxicity, lack of targeted delivery, and massive degradation [ 127 ]. As is depicted in Figure 5 , BP nanomaterials can be harnessed as smart nanocarriers for loading various immunotherapeutic agents to overcome these shortcomings.…”

Section: Delivery Of Immunotherapeutic Agents For Cancer Immunotherapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Black Phosphorus, an Emerging Versatile Nanoplatform for Cancer Immunotherapy

et al. 2021

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Black phosphorus (BP) is one of the emerging versatile nanomaterials with outstanding biocompatibility and biodegradability, exhibiting great potential as a promising inorganic nanomaterial in the biomedical field. BP nanomaterials possess excellent ability for valid bio-conjugation and molecular loading in anticancer therapy. Generally, BP nanomaterials can be classified into BP nanosheets (BPNSs) and BP quantum dots (BPQDs), both of which can be synthesized through various preparation routes. In addition, BP nanomaterials can be applied as photothermal agents (PTA) for the photothermal therapy (PTT) due to their high photothermal conversion efficiency and larger extinction coefficients. The generated local hyperpyrexia leads to thermal elimination of tumor. Besides, BP nanomaterials are capable of producing singlet oxygen, which enable its application as a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Moreover, BP nanomaterials can be oxidized and degraded to nontoxic phosphonates and phosphate under physiological conditions, improving their safety as a nano drug carrier in cancer therapy. Recently, it has been reported that BP-based PTT is capable of activating immune responses and alleviating the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by detection of T lymphocytes and various immunocytokines, indicating that BP-based nanocomposites not only serve as effective PTAs to ablate large solid tumors but also function as an immunomodulation agent to eliminate discrete tumorlets. Therefore, BP-mediated immunotherapy would provide more possibilities for synergistic cancer treatment.

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“…The interactions of nanoparticles with the major immune cells, such as DCs, TAM, and T cells, are examined below. Studies on other cell types, such as B cells and natural killers, can be found in Thakur et al (2020) [ 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 ]. Below, we introduce how nanotechnology addresses the cells of the immune system.…”

Section: Tumor Microenvironment and Nanocarriersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Macrophages play an important role in controlling inflammatory responses, by releasing cytokines and presenting antigens [ 125 ]. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are one of the essential modulators of the tumor environment [ 126 ].…”

Section: 1 Tumor-associated Macrophages (Tam)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The M2 phenotype secretes a series of immunosuppressive cytokines responsible for the reorientation of infiltrating immune cells, and it also remodels the stroma [ 128 ]. It is responsible for tumor development and progression, survival, immune escape, wound healing, angiogenesis, metastasis, invasion, and resistance to chemotherapy [ 97 , 99 , 129 ], and it is also correlated with poor clinical outcomes [ 125 ]. So, therapies that can destroy M2 or restore it to the M1 phenotype are needed.…”

Section: 1 Tumor-associated Macrophages (Tam)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanocarriers Used in Drug Delivery to Enhance Immune System in Cancer Therapy

et al. 2021

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Cancer, a group of diseases responsible for the second largest cause of global death, is considered one of the main public health problems today. Despite the advances, there are still difficulties in the development of more efficient cancer therapies and fewer adverse effects for the patients. In this context, nanobiotechnology, a materials science on a nanometric scale specified for biology, has been developing and acquiring prominence for the synthesis of nanocarriers that provide a wide surface area in relation to volume, better drug delivery, and a maximization of therapeutic efficiency. Among these carriers, the ones that stand out are those focused on the activation of the immune system. The literature demonstrates the importance of this system for anticancer therapy, given that the best treatment for this disease also activates the immune system to recognize, track, and destroy all remaining tumor cells.

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Nanoparticles as Smart Carriers for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy

Cited by 69 publications

References 209 publications

SMOX expression predicts the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer

SMOX expression predicts the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer

Black Phosphorus, an Emerging Versatile Nanoplatform for Cancer Immunotherapy

Nanocarriers Used in Drug Delivery to Enhance Immune System in Cancer Therapy

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