Nanoparticles in cancer immunotherapies: An innovative strategy

Abstract

Cancer has been one of the most significant causes of mortality, worldwide. Cancer immunotherapy has recently emerged as a competent, cancer-fighting clinical strategy. Nevertheless, due to the difficulty of such treatments, costs, and off-target adverse effects, the implementation of cancer immunotherapy described by the antigen-presenting cell (APC) vaccine and chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy ex vivo in large clinical trials have been limited. Nowadays, the nanoparticles theranostic system as a promising target-based modality provides new opportunities to improve cancer immunotherapy difficulties and reduce their adverse effects.Meanwhile, the appropriate engineering of nanoparticles taking into consideration nanoparticle characteristics, such as, size, shape, and surface features, as well as the use of these physicochemical properties for suitable biological interactions, provides new possibilities for the application of nanoparticles in cancer immunotherapy. In this review article, we focus on the latest state-of-the-art nanoparticlebased antigen/adjuvant delivery vehicle strategies to professional APCs and engineering specific T lymphocyte required for improving the efficiency of tumorspecific immunotherapy. K E Y W O R D Santigen-presenting cell vaccine, cancer immunotherapy, chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy, nanoparticle | INTRODUCTIONCancer is a global health issue that may be caused by aberrant mutation genes that are responsible for the proliferation and differentiation of normal cells. These unregulated proliferation cells may migrate to healthy organs leading to tumor metastasis and malignancy. [1][2][3][4][5] Most of the time, uncontrollable tumor growth is correlated with large numbers of tumor cell death and lesion-owned hypoxia and mutation accumulation that endanger tumor microenvironment survival cells.Cancer cell necrosis leads to the release of endogenous antigens

Multimodal Therapies against Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Review on Synergistic Approaches toward Ultimate Nanomedicine Treatments

“…Due to promising results reported with other tumor types, [614,615] the employment of NPs has been proposed to potentiate antitumor immune response in PDAC too, given the typically limited success achieved by means of conventional immunotherapy.…”

Enhancing Cancer Immunotherapy Treatment Goals by Using Nanoparticle Delivery System

“…Considering passive conveyance, NPs can make the maximum transport of immunotherapy to the malignant cells because of the understanding of the EPR-impart of malignancy by NPs. 22 The nature of the circulatory medium in terms of blood volume and variation in thickness hinders the equilibrium distribution so NPs bonding sites are modified in such a way that they can be easily localized and engulf malignant cells, 66 Figure 3F. The malignant cells which have been marked for eradication should have surface properties which can easily be recognized by the NPs engulfing the immunotherapy for precise delivery.…”

“…21 These properties of nanoparticles empowered drug bioavailabilities and efficacy and decrease the unwanted targeting which are significants snags in tumor management. 22…”

“…The healthcare department are plying the utilization of nano-materials such as NPs in various ways including the conveyance of immunotherapy to tumor districts and also for diagnostic purposes. 22 The successful transport of the immunotherapeutic drug encompasses the covalent bonding which exists between the immunotherapy and the NPs. Also, the means by which the NPs convey the drugs to the tumor fields.…”

The inhibitory role of synthesized Nickel oxide nanoparticles against Hep-G2, MCF-7, and HT-29 cell lines: the inhibitory role of NiO NPs against Hep-G2, MCF-7, and HT-29 cell lines

“…Nanomaterials have recently attracted much attention because of their remarkable properties, effective surface area, and high reactivity. On the other hand, with rapid advancement in nanotechnology, nanomaterials are produced in a wide variety of shapes and sizes and used in the manufacture of various industrial and medical products (1,9). Nanoparticles are employed in different medical fields, including drug delivery and imaging of organs and cells, and can be potentially used for cancer diagnosis and treatment (10).…”