Cancer has been one of the most significant causes of mortality, worldwide. Cancer immunotherapy has recently emerged as a competent, cancer-fighting clinical strategy. Nevertheless, due to the difficulty of such treatments, costs, and off-target adverse effects, the implementation of cancer immunotherapy described by the antigen-presenting cell (APC) vaccine and chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy ex vivo in large clinical trials have been limited. Nowadays, the nanoparticles theranostic system as a promising target-based modality provides new opportunities to improve cancer immunotherapy difficulties and reduce their adverse effects.Meanwhile, the appropriate engineering of nanoparticles taking into consideration nanoparticle characteristics, such as, size, shape, and surface features, as well as the use of these physicochemical properties for suitable biological interactions, provides new possibilities for the application of nanoparticles in cancer immunotherapy. In this review article, we focus on the latest state-of-the-art nanoparticlebased antigen/adjuvant delivery vehicle strategies to professional APCs and engineering specific T lymphocyte required for improving the efficiency of tumorspecific immunotherapy. K E Y W O R D Santigen-presenting cell vaccine, cancer immunotherapy, chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy, nanoparticle | INTRODUCTIONCancer is a global health issue that may be caused by aberrant mutation genes that are responsible for the proliferation and differentiation of normal cells. These unregulated proliferation cells may migrate to healthy organs leading to tumor metastasis and malignancy. [1][2][3][4][5] Most of the time, uncontrollable tumor growth is correlated with large numbers of tumor cell death and lesion-owned hypoxia and mutation accumulation that endanger tumor microenvironment survival cells.Cancer cell necrosis leads to the release of endogenous antigens

Embryo splitting is one of the newest developed methods in reproductive biotechnology. In this method, after splitting embryos in 2-, 4-, and even 8-cell stages, every single blastomere can be developed separately, but the embryos are genetically identical. Embryo splitting, as an approach in reproductive cloning, is extensively employed in reproductive medicine studies, such as investigating human diseases, treating sterility, embryo donation, and gene therapy. In the present study, cloning in mammalians and cloning approaches are briefly reviewed. In addition, embryo splitting and the methods commonly used in embryo splitting and recent achievements in this field, as well as the applications of embryo splitting into livestock species, primate animals, and humans, are outlined. Finally, a perspective of embryo splitting is provided as the conclusion.

The rapid advancement of nanotechnology in recent years has opened new avenues of investigation for biomedical sciences. Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) are formulated from plant viruses, mammalian viruses, or bacteriophages. Based on their structure, viruses, and synthetic carriers have been utilized to design bio‐inspired nanocarriers, which serve as building blocks for innovative therapeutic applications. Scientists can chemically or genetically engineer VNPs to encompass various properties, such as enhancing their functionalization with therapeutic molecules and imaging reagents, enabling targeted delivery to specific ligands. The implementation of these novel nanocarrier platforms can revolutionize treatments for cancer, infectious diseases, and chronic illnesses. The primary goal of drug delivery systems is to localize cargo to the specific target site, increasing therapeutic benefits and minimizing off‐target effects. This review critically evaluates the major virus species used as nanocarriers, their applications in therapeutics, and their advantages and disadvantages.

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