Nanoporous hard carbon anodes for improved electrochemical performance in sodium ion batteries

Prabakar, S. J. Richard; Jeong, Jaehyang; Pyo, Myoungho

doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2015.02.086

Cited by 108 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…This difference can be, a priori, attributed to the higher S BET and microporosity of EGNFs materials (Table 2) since an inverse relationship between these textural parameters and the specific capacity has been previously established in a study using hard carbons as anodes for SIBs [26]. Moreover, this could also be related to the fact that thicker SEI layers may be formed in materials with higher porosity and surface areas, which may disable the Na + ion storage due to its electronically insulating nature and thus blocking the access of Na + ions to the enclosed voids inside the carbon architecture [19]. To confirm this hypothesis, EIS analyses were performed on ESG3 and EGNF3 electrodes before cycling and after 10 and 50 discharge/charge cycles, respectively.…”

Section: Galvanostatic Cycling At Low Electric Current Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, different carbon materials with diverse structures (micro-and nanostructures) and varied morphologies, usually with a certain degree of porosity and low-ordered structure consisting of few-layer graphite nanocrystallites, have been investigated for this application [12]. Among them, hard carbons are arguably the most promising candidates thus far [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34], being able to deliver reversible capacities >300 mA h g -1 at low-to-moderate current rates with remarkable stability along cycling, although some aspects need to be improved for their implementation as anodes for SIBs, such as their relatively low coulombic efficiency in the first cycle, which is related to their high surface area and porosity, or their modest rate performance. The turbostratic structure of these materials, consisting in few-layer-stacked graphite nanocrystallites with high interlayer distances (0.37-0.40 nm), together with their inherent porosity (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Expanded graphitic materials prepared from micro- and nanometric precursors as anodes for sodium-ion batteries

Ramos

Cameán

Cuesta

et al. 2016

Electrochimica Acta

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A series of expanded graphitic materials are prepared from two different precursors: micrometric synthetic graphite and graphitized carbon nanofibers, and tested as anodes for sodium-ion batteries. The materials preparation involves the oxidation of the precursors followed by partial thermal reduction. Overall, the expanded synthetic graphite materials show better electrochemical performance as anode than the expanded graphite nanofibers, providing higher specific capacity, leading to lower capacity losses in the first charge-discharge cycle and exhibiting outstanding cycling stability. Specific capacities of ~150 mA h g -1 at 37 mA g -1 and ~110 mA h g -1 at 100 mA g -1 are attained, and up to 50 % of initial capacity at 19 mA g -1 is kept at 372 mA g -1. Unexpectedly, higher capacity losses are measured for the nanostructured electrodes by progressively increasing the current density. These differences are attributed to the lower surface area and porosity of expanded synthetic graphite materials which favors the formation of thinner and more stable SEI, thus reducing the electrode resistance and enhancing Na + ions accessibility to surface oxygen groups with the consequent increase of the surface capacity which was found to be the main contribution to the total specific capacity.

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Section: Galvanostatic Cycling At Low Electric Current Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expanded graphitic materials prepared from micro- and nanometric precursors as anodes for sodium-ion batteries

Ramos

Cameán

Cuesta

et al. 2016

Electrochimica Acta

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“…The direct use of sodium metal as an anode material could cause many problems such as poor cycling performance, easy short-circuits due to the low melting point of Na (97.7 °C), high chemical reactivity and dendritic growth during charge and discharge [110,[112][113][114]. Therefore, many new materials such as carbonaceous compounds, alloy composites, metal oxides/sulphides, organic compounds containing carbonyl or C=N groups and phosphorus-based materials have been extensively investigated as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries [115,116]. As anodes for sodium-ion batteries, the potentials (voltage) of the materials are usually required to be in the range of 0-1 V versus Na + /Na to obtain a high energy density [117][118][119][120].…”

Section: Anode Materials For Sodium-ion Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries: Considerations on Crystal Structures and Sodium Storage Mechanisms

Wang

Shanmukaraj

et al. 2018

Electrochem. Energ. Rev.

256

122

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Sodium-ion batteries have been emerging as attractive technologies for large-scale electrical energy storage and conversion, owing to the natural abundance and low cost of sodium resources. However, the development of sodium-ion batteries faces tremendous challenges, which is mainly due to the difficulty to identify appropriate cathode materials and anode materials. In this review, the research progresses on cathode and anode materials for sodium-ion batteries are comprehensively reviewed. We focus on the structural considerations for cathode materials and sodium storage mechanisms for anode materials. With the worldwide effort, high-performance sodium-ion batteries will be fully developed for practical applications.

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“…32 Interestingly, the specific surface area can also be tuned by pre-treatments of the precursor 27,[33][34][35] or post pyrolysis treatment. 30 When the pyrolysis takes place under gas flow (typically Ar), the flow rate has also been found to have an effect in the specific surface area.…”

Section: Synthesis and Microstructurementioning

confidence: 99%

Review—Hard Carbon Negative Electrode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Irisarri

Ponrouch

Palacin

2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

556

436

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A first review of hard carbon materials as negative electrodes for sodium ion batteries is presented, covering not only the electrochemical performance but also the synthetic methods and microstructures. The relation between the reversible and irreversible capacities achieved and microstructural features is described and illustrated with specific experiments while discussing also the effect of the electrolyte. A summary of the current knowledge is given while emphasizing the possibility of further performance improvements by thoroughly mastering structure-property relationships and also discussing the main current bottleneck to maximize energy density in real applications: the first cycle irreversible capacity. Finally, a short conclusion and perspectives session is provided highlighting necessary developments in the field to turn the present optimistic research prospects into tangible practical products. Intensive efforts aiming at the development of a sodium-ion battery (SIB) technology operating at room temperature and based on a concept analogy with the ubiquitous lithium-ion (LIB) have emerged in the last few years.1-6 Such technology would base on the use of organic solvent based electrolytes (commonly mixtures of alkylcarbonates with a dissolved sodium salt, typically NaPF 6 ) and two high and low potential operation electrodes which would exhibit reversible redox reactions involving sodium ions.In contrast to the large spectrum of suitable positive electrode materials identified, the choice is more restricted for the negative side, as is also the case for LIB. Indeed, sodium titanium oxides operating through intercalation reactions exhibit poor capacity retention 7,8 and alloy based electrodes 5 though promising at the laboratory scale, might suffer from practical bottlenecks derived from the large volumetric changes associated to their redox operation as is the case in LIB. 9,10 To date thus, only carbonaceous materials have practically proved viability.Most types of carbon react with lithium ions to a certain extent at low potential (∼0.1-1 V vs. Li + /Li) and are thus suitable for use as negative electrode materials. Hard carbons can deliver high capacity since the random alignment of small-dimensional graphene layers provides significant porosity able to accommodate lithium, 11 yet the rate capability (power performance) is usually limited and the irreversible capacity (mostly consumed in the formation of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI)) is higher than that of graphite. This fact coupled to its higher density which results in higher volumetric capacity has contributed to graphite being the most widely used commercial negative electrode material in LIB. Since graphite is not able to insert sodium ions 12,13 unless solvated to form ternary intercalation compounds, 14 non-graphitic carbons were already investigated a few years ago. 15,16These were found to exhibit first cycle reversible capacities in the range of 100-300 mAh/g with substantial fading upon cycling but still enabled the realization...

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Nanoporous hard carbon anodes for improved electrochemical performance in sodium ion batteries

Cited by 108 publications

References 31 publications

Expanded graphitic materials prepared from micro- and nanometric precursors as anodes for sodium-ion batteries

Expanded graphitic materials prepared from micro- and nanometric precursors as anodes for sodium-ion batteries

Electrode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries: Considerations on Crystal Structures and Sodium Storage Mechanisms

Review—Hard Carbon Negative Electrode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries

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