2015
DOI: 10.1149/2.0091514jes
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Review—Hard Carbon Negative Electrode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Abstract: A first review of hard carbon materials as negative electrodes for sodium ion batteries is presented, covering not only the electrochemical performance but also the synthetic methods and microstructures. The relation between the reversible and irreversible capacities achieved and microstructural features is described and illustrated with specific experiments while discussing also the effect of the electrolyte. A summary of the current knowledge is given while emphasizing the possibility of further performance … Show more

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Cited by 558 publications
(463 citation statements)
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“…This finding reveals that NaF formed by FEC decomposition acts as a resistive layer for Na plating/stripping in the ultraconcentrated 5 M NaFSI-DME electrolyte. 17,22 We surmise that minimal amount of free (uncoordinated) DME in the ultraconcentrated 5 M NaFSI-DME electrolyte minimizes the formation of a resistive SEI layer via interaction of the electrolyte components with reactive Na metal. The impact of ultraconcentrated 5 M NaFSI-DME on the cycling stability at high C rates is shown in Figure 12d.…”
Section: Electrochemical Performances Of Na/ss Cells and Analysismentioning
confidence: 94%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…This finding reveals that NaF formed by FEC decomposition acts as a resistive layer for Na plating/stripping in the ultraconcentrated 5 M NaFSI-DME electrolyte. 17,22 We surmise that minimal amount of free (uncoordinated) DME in the ultraconcentrated 5 M NaFSI-DME electrolyte minimizes the formation of a resistive SEI layer via interaction of the electrolyte components with reactive Na metal. The impact of ultraconcentrated 5 M NaFSI-DME on the cycling stability at high C rates is shown in Figure 12d.…”
Section: Electrochemical Performances Of Na/ss Cells and Analysismentioning
confidence: 94%
“…Much effort has been dedicated to improving the electrochemical performance of rechargeable Na batteries through the development of high-performance cathodes, 4-14 anodes, [15][16][17][18][19] and electrolytes. [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] Nevertheless, the practical application of Na metal batteries is quite challenging because the high chemical and electrochemical reactivity of Na metal electrodes with organic liquid electrolytes leads to low Coulombic efficiencies and limited cycling performance.…”
Section: Problems Of Na Metal Batteriesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is evident that the negative electrode of the cell, which is composed of a hard carbon, remains intact as a result of thermal runaway. This is to be expected as the hard carbon used in electrodes is formed via pyrolysis reactions typically performed at temperatures in excess of 1000 C [46]. In contrast, the microstructure of the positive electrode is observed to alter as a result of the failure.…”
Section: Fig 4 Cell Scale Tomographic Renderings Of the Charged ((A)mentioning
confidence: 98%
“…Hard carbon displays capacities of about 300 mA h g −1 , available in two distinct segments one with sloping voltage profile and one plateau at a potential close to that of plating of sodium metal. 6 While the capacity and overall energy density of hard carbon is acceptable, there are issues such as the risk of sodium plating at high rates as well as the initial coulombic efficiency that is lower than that of graphite and often in the range of 70-80%. 6 There are a lot of alternatives such as conversion anodes and a plethora of other insertion anodes than hard-carbon, but alloying anodes are some of the most promising alternatives.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%