Nanoporous structured carbon nanofiber–bioactive glass composites for skeletal tissue regeneration

Abstract

Bioactive glass (BG) decorated nanoporous composite carbon nanofibers (PCNF-BG) were prepared for the purpose of obtaining effective substrates for skeletal tissue regeneration. The preparation was conducted by electrospinning of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) blends with the addition of sol-gel precursors of 58s-type (mol%: 58% SiO 2 -38% CaO-4% P 2 O 5 ) BG, followed by high temperature thermal treatment. The removal of PMMA during the carbonization of PAN generated numerous slit-like nanoporous structures along CNFs, leading to a significant enhancement in the specific surface area, surface roughness and pore volume, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) characterizations. PCNF-BG composites with different specific surface areas were biologically evaluated by experiments of biomineralization in simulated body fluid (SBF), in vitro MC3T3-E1 osteoblast proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Compared to non-porous CNF/ BG, the nanoporous structure distinctively enlarged the interfacial reaction area of the BG component with a medium environment and thus enhanced the bioactivity of CNFs by accelerating the dissolution of the BG component and providing abundant nucleation sites for hydroxyapatite depositions. The released ions displayed distinct promotion in proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of osteoblast cells, which promoted the osteocompatibility of carbon-based materials significantly.Fig. 10 ALP activity expression of MC3T3-E1 cultured on TCPS, pure CNFs and PCNF-BG composites for various times. The results are represented as mean AE standard deviation for n = 3 (p o 0.05).Fig. 9 SEM images showing the morphologies of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts cultured on pure CNFs and PCNF-BG composites for various times.

Electrically conductive nanomaterials for cardiac tissue engineering

“…CNF-reinforced polymer scaffolds can also be fabricated by easily dispersing the CNF in a polymer matrix, followed by either melt mixing or sonication in low viscosity solutions [83]. Several studies have mentioned applications of CNFs in neural [84,85], bone [86][87][88][89], muscle [90], and cardiac regeneration [91][92][93].…”

LAPONITE® nanorods regulating degradability, acidic-alkaline microenvironment, apatite mineralization and MC3T3-E1 cells responses to poly(butylene succinate) based bio-nanocomposite scaffolds

“…have been shown to have a great potential in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, due to their ability to mimic the structural properties of native bone tissues. [10][11][12][13] The great research efforts for designing the ideal bio-nanocomposite scaffolds for repair and regeneration of damaged/diseased tissues have revealed the promise of polymer based bio-nanocomposite scaffolds, which exhibited superior biological properties for bone tissue engineering because allowed tailoring the desired bioactivity, degradation and resorption kinetics of the scaffolds. [14][15][16] Moreover, nanosized bioactive llers incorporated in the polymeric scaffolds offer the required osteoconductivity and biocompatibility features that are able to improve the cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation, as well as, new bone tissue ingrowth into the scaffolds, and ultimately repair bone defects.…”

Zein regulating apatite mineralization, degradability, in vitro cells responses and in vivo osteogenesis of 3D-printed scaffold of n-MS/ZN/PCL ternary composite

“…would benefit for cells/tissues ingrowth and nutrient delivery. 17,20 In this study, bioactive and degradable scaffolds of n-MS/ZN/PCL ternary composites were developed by using 3D-printing technology. The results showed that the pore morphology, pore interconnection, pore size as well as porosity of the (C0, C10 and C20) scaffolds could be controlled by using 3D-printing technique, and the highly interconnected scaffolds possessed the controllable macropores size of around 500 μm and porosity of around 70%.…”