Nanosponges- Versatile Platform as Drug Carrier

Abstract

Background: Recently nano-drug delivery systems has become integral part of the most novel drug delivery systems and has gained considerable importance owing to various advantages such as carrier for poorly soluble drugs; targeting of the molecules at desired site; protection from degradation etc. Methods: In current review we conducted systemic search of literature and patent inventions focusing on nanosponges. The summary of search was inclusive of various aspects of nanosponges such as drugs characteristics to be considered while incorporating in nanosponges, other crucial additive during formulation of nanosponges, methods of preparation, characterization and applications of nanosponges in pharmaceuticals. Results: Nanosponges are nanocarriers for both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs. These are prepared by different methods such as emulsion-solvent evaporation, solvent method, melting method, ultrasound assisted method etc. and all these methods were less time consuming, more economic and evaluated by sophisticated techniques available for routine analysis. These are among the most feasible alternative to address several formulation difficulties associated with the physicochemical properties of the drug. Porous nature and small particle size are vital properties of the nanosponges that contribute crucially to correct the drawbacks of the drug. The properties of the nanosponges can be enhanced when these were combined with cyclodextrins. Numerous research work was carried out to explore the cyclodextrin based nanosponges. Besides, it is also used for smart targeting to tumors and for drug release in a sustainable pattern. Nanosponges can be prepared by simple method These can be tuned to release the drug by different routes so as to achieve the maximum benefits of the drug. Conclusion: Numerous research work carried out on the nanosponges as drug carrier. The method of preparation and characterization of nanosponges are quite economic and routinely available. Owing to potential benefits and probable applications these can be used as efficient carrier for certain drugs. The authors expect that the current review will act as guide to investigate the nanosponges as nanodrug delivery system.

Nanosponge hydrogel of octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate of Alcaligenes faecalis

“…Nanosponges (NS) are an innovative formulation that consists of a sponge-like structure that is non-collapsible and porous and is used to encapsulate nanoparticles (Das et al 2023 ). It is mainly used in the pharmaceutical industry because it combines the benefits of nanoscale vesicular structures and microsponges making it ideal for cosmetic and cosmeceutical applications (Kandekar et al 2023 ). The porous structure affects the release pattern in addition to allowing us to entrap a wide range of active molecules (Kandekar et al 2023 ).…”

“…It is mainly used in the pharmaceutical industry because it combines the benefits of nanoscale vesicular structures and microsponges making it ideal for cosmetic and cosmeceutical applications (Kandekar et al 2023 ). The porous structure affects the release pattern in addition to allowing us to entrap a wide range of active molecules (Kandekar et al 2023 ). Cyclodextrin nanosponges have excellent properties such as the simple method of preparation, the ability to form inclusion complexes, which incorporate less water-soluble molecules into their core cavities, improving drug aqueous solubility while also increasing bioavailability, biocompatibility, and stability and minimizing undesirable side effects (Lee and Poh 2023 ).…”