Nanostructured donor/acceptor interfaces in photovoltaic cells using columnar-grain films of a cross-linked poly(fluorene-alt-bithiophene)

Farinhas, Joana; Ferreira, Quirina; Paolo, Roberto E. Di; Alcácer, Luís; Morgado, Jorge; Charas, Ana

doi:10.1039/c1jm10195a

Cited by 36 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Farinhas et al used the polymer F8T2Ox1 with reactive oxetane groups. [132] Drees et al introduced cross-linkable fullerenes with glycidol esters of PCBM. [133] Kim et al [134] and Griffini et al [135] used UV cross-linkable bromo-alkyl side chains ( Figure 7) and showed an increased thermal stability in the power conversion efficiency ascribed to stabilization of the morphology.…”

Section: The Active Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability of Polymer Solar Cells

et al. 2011

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Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) evolve in an exponential manner in the two key areas of efficiency and stability. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) has in the last decade been increased by almost a factor of ten approaching 10%. A main concern has been the stability that was previously measured in minutes, but can now, in favorable circumstances, exceed many thousands of hours. This astonishing achievement is the subject of this article, which reviews the developments in stability/degradation of OPVs in the last five years. This progress has been gained by several developments, such as inverted device structures of the bulk heterojunction geometry device, which allows for more stable metal electrodes, the choice of more photostable active materials, the introduction of interfacial layers, and roll-to-roll fabrication, which promises fast and cheap production methods while creating its own challenges in terms of stability.

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Section: The Active Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability of Polymer Solar Cells

et al. 2011

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“…[146,148,150,151,154] Nanopatterning of the interface can be realized by codeposition a crosslinking polymer and another incompatible material followed by removing the latter one, [150,151] or nanoimprinting (include using molds, photolithography etc.) before crosslinking of the underlayer polymer, [148] or just patterning the downside buffer layer before deposition of the donor and acceptor layers.…”

Section: Other Ll Solution Processing Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, upon crosslinking, the polymer layer is morphologically frozen and becomes more resistant to temperature variations or other influences, which is a key issue in determining the OPV stability. [149,150] The crosslinkers should be designed to meet the following requirements. First, the crosslinking units should be small in size and efficient enough to freeze the film morphology with low amount, which will reduce the influence on the stacking of the original conjugated polymers in order to maintain high charge mobility and light absorption.…”

Section: Other Ll Solution Processing Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Layer‐by‐Layer Processed Organic Solar Cells

Wang

Zhan

2016

Advanced Energy Materials

104

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Layer‐by‐layer (LL) processes, i.e., sequential deposition of different active layers, are widely used in the fabrication of organic solar cells (OSCs). Recently, LL vacuum deposition and LL solution processes have attracted considerable attention. LL processing presents some advantages over the blend method: a) donor and acceptor layers can be easily and independently controlled and optimized; b) the charge carriers dissociated from excitons at the donor–acceptor interface are confined to each phase, so bimolecular recombination losses can be reduced; c) bilayer geometries enable an easier way for understanding the physical processes taking place at the donor–acceptor interface; d) desired vertical phase separation for charge extraction can be obtained through changing the sequence of donor and acceptor deposition. This report summarizes the recent developments of LL processed OSCs. The remaining problems and challenges, and the key research direction in near future are discussed.

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“…[18][19][20] In this respect, a range of crosslinkable conjugated polymers have been developed as promising candidates for interfacial modifi cation. Conventional approaches to prepare crosslinkable conjugated polymers are chemically tethering functional groups such as oxetane groups, [ 21 ] alkyl-bromide, [ 22 ] azide, [ 23 ] and vinyl, [ 24 ] into the polymer chains. Based on these copolymers, crosslinked fi lms can be achieved through the crosslinking reactions triggered by either thermal or ultraviolet light.…”

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confidence: 99%

Crosslinkable Amino‐Functionalized Conjugated Polymer as Cathode Interlayer for Efficient Inverted Polymer Solar Cells

Wang

Lin

Zhang

et al. 2016

Advanced Energy Materials

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the optoelectronic properties, there are several requirements for interfacial materials, such as the formation of Ohmic contact between electrode and photoactive layer, [ 13 ] the appropriated surface energy of fi lm that can induce favorable phase segregation of bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) fi lms, [ 14,15 ] as well as the long-term chemical and physical stability. [ 8,16 ] Given that the fabrication of multilayer devices based on solution-processing techniques may suffer from interfacial erosion issue, the interlayers are required to be robust enough to tolerate the deposition solvents. [ 17 ] An effective approach to achieve robust interfacial layer is the utilization of crosslinkable materials, which has advanced solvent-resisting property and can prevent the potential erosion during sequential spin-coating procedure. [18][19][20] In this respect, a range of crosslinkable conjugated polymers have been developed as promising candidates for interfacial modifi cation. Conventional approaches to prepare crosslinkable conjugated polymers are chemically tethering functional groups such as oxetane groups, [ 21 ] alkyl-bromide, [ 22 ] azide, [ 23 ] and vinyl, [ 24 ] into the polymer chains. Based on these copolymers, crosslinked fi lms can be achieved through the crosslinking reactions triggered by either thermal or ultraviolet light. [ 25 ] However, the crosslinking reactions of functional groups typically require initiators, which may potentially decrease the device life-time. Although in some cases the initiators are not necessary, they need relative long time to attain a well crosslinked fi lm, which is unfavorable for the applications toward high-throughput R2R techniques. Thus, it is of vital importance to develop highly effi cient crosslinking strategy that can be accomplished under low activation energy, which bearing a fast reaction rate of the functional groups to reduce possible decomposition of the conjugated polymers during the crosslinking process.Click chemistry has been extensively investigated due to its advantages of highly selective, mild reaction conditions, easy purifi cation, and can give a wide range of molecular systems with high yields. [ 26,27 ] It is well-established that the "click" reaction of thiols and enes groups is very effi cient and can be fi nished within tens of seconds, [ 28,29 ] and most importantly, the reaction can be easily triggered by directly exciting thiol-groups upon the absorption of a photon of UV-light. [29][30][31]

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Nanostructured donor/acceptor interfaces in photovoltaic cells using columnar-grain films of a cross-linked poly(fluorene-alt-bithiophene)

Cited by 36 publications

References 33 publications

Stability of Polymer Solar Cells

Stability of Polymer Solar Cells

Layer‐by‐Layer Processed Organic Solar Cells

Crosslinkable Amino‐Functionalized Conjugated Polymer as Cathode Interlayer for Efficient Inverted Polymer Solar Cells

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