Nanotechnology-based Drug Delivery, Metabolism and Toxicity

Abstract

Background: Nanoparticles (NPs) are being used extensively owing to their increased surface area, targeted delivery and enhanced retention. NPs have the potential to be used in many disease conditions. Despite widespread use, their toxicity and clinical safety still remain a major concern. Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the metabolism and toxicological effects of nanotherapeutics. Methods: Comprehensive, time-bound literature search was done covering the period from 2010 till date. The primary focus was on the metabolism of NP including their adsorption, degradation, clearance, and bio-persistence. This review also focuses on updated investigations on NPs with respect to their toxic effects on various in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Results: Nanotechnology is a thriving field of biomedical research and an efficient drug delivery system. Further their applications are under investigation for diagnosis of disease and as medical devices. Conclusion: The toxicity of NPs is a major concern in the application of NPs as therapeutics. Studies addressing metabolism, side-effects and safety of NPs are desirable to gain maximum benefits of nanotherapeutics.

Nanotechnological strategies to increase the oxygen content of the tumor

“…To minimize the effect of reticuloendothelial system clearance, nanomaterial biomineralization is an effective strategy. Cytomembranes have homology targeting and good biocompatibility, which can protect nanomaterials from immune recognition of the body to prolong the blood circulation time and increase their enrichment at the focal site ( Malaviya et al, 2019 ; Briolay et al, 2021 ). Hou et al (2022) obtained hollow mesoporous PB nanoplatforms (TK-M@Man-HMPB/HCQ) by loading hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), modifying mannose and coating macrophage and thylakoid (TK) membranes ( Figure 7C ).…”

Evaluación genotóxica de un novedoso nanohíbrido para la liberación de moléculas bioactivas

“…La enorme oportunidad que ofrecen los nanosistemas para transportar una variedad de moléculas bioactivas que favorezcan la terapia de algunas enfermedades ha impulsado su aplicación en áreas biológicas. Sin embargo, antes de ser aplicados como herramienta para la entrega de sustancias, requieren una intensa evaluación toxicológica/genotóxica debido a que interactúan de manera íntima con los componentes celulares y, por ello, pueden presentar efectos nocivos indeseables e interferir incluso con las funciones celulares vitales (Malaviya et al, 2020). Algunos agentes son reconocidos por su capacidad de provocar daños en el material genético que no son reparados, y se transmiten a la descendencia, ya que no producen la muerte de las células.…”

Opportunities and Challenges for Nanotherapeutics for the Aging Population

“…This action is most clearly identified with metal NPs and highlighted by the spectrum of metals that induce toxicity. For example, CeSe/ZnS cause high levels of oxidative stress, cellular damage and DNA damage compared to Ag and carbon-based NPs (Malaviya et al, 2019).…”

“…Potential accumulation in off target tissues and reduced biodegradability may be significant barriers to regulatory approval. Additionally, the use of nanomaterials that have a highly reactive surface chemistry may contribute to ROS generation, particularly with heavy metals (Malaviya et al, 2019). This presents great difficulty in regulatory assessments as nanomaterials, despite their advantages based on their size and reactivity, are effectively drugs themselves with a broad range of side effects.…”