Nanotechnology Formulations for Antibacterial Free Fatty Acids and Monoglycerides

Abstract

Free fatty acids and monoglycerides have long been known to possess broad-spectrum antibacterial activity that is based on lytic behavior against bacterial cell membranes. Considering the growing challenges of drug-resistant bacteria and the need for new classes of antibiotics, the wide prevalence, affordable cost, and broad spectrum of fatty acids and monoglycerides make them attractive agents to develop for healthcare and biotechnology applications. The aim of this review is to provide a brief introduction to the history of antimicrobial lipids and their current status and challenges, and to present a detailed discussion of ongoing research efforts to develop nanotechnology formulations of fatty acids and monoglycerides that enable superior in vitro and in vivo performance. Examples of nano-emulsions, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and controlled release hydrogels are presented in order to highlight the potential that lies ahead for fatty acids and monoglycerides as next-generation antibacterial solutions. Possible application routes and future directions in research and development are also discussed.

Spatial repellency, antifeedant activity and toxicity of three medium chain fatty acids and their methyl esters of coconut fatty acid against stable flies

“…52,53 This may add additional benefits helping cattle to battle diseases transmitted by insects. [54][55][56] In conclusion, three medium chain fatty acid methyl esters were demonstrated to have strong blood-feeding deterrence against stable flies. They also displayed significant toxic activity to stable fly adults.…”

“…In addition, medium chain fatty methyl esters are considered as antimicrobial agents and have been reportedly exhibited antimicrobial activity for oral organisms . This may add additional benefits helping cattle to battle diseases transmitted by insects …”

Materials Nanoarchitectonics for Mechanical Tools in Chemical and Biological Sensing

“…Thus, the QCM‐D results provided strong evidence to indicate that cholesterol can either inhibit or promote membrane remodeling, and the trends could be understood by taking into account how cholesterol affects the elastic (stiffness) and viscous (stress relaxation) properties of lipid membranes. These insights confirm that the membrane morphological responses that occur in simplified SLB platforms provide a useful model system to characterize the activity of antimicrobial lipids that may occur in more complex biological systems, and these compounds are being incorporated into nanotechnology formulations to treat bacterial infections …”

“…In contrast, the addition of glycerol monolaurate caused membrane budding in all cases, but the extento fm embrane remodeling was smaller for SLBs with larger cholesterol fractions.T hus, the QCM-D results provideds trong evidencet oi ndicate that cholesterol can either inhibit or promote membrane remodeling, and the trends could be understood by taking into account how cholesterola ffects the elastic (stiffness) and viscous (stress relaxation) properties of lipid membranes.T hese insights confirm that the membrane morphological responses that occur in simplified SLB platforms provide au seful model system to characterize the activity of antimicrobial lipids that may occur in more complex biological systems, and these compounds are being incorporated into nanotechnology formulations to treat bacterialinfections. [69] Complement-activation monitoringand drug development Over the past few decades, nanomedicines and protein-based biologicals have becomekey components of pharmacotherapy, and there is growingr ecognition that intravenous administration of these modern therapeuticsc an cause complement-activation-related pseudoallergy (CARPA). [70] CARPAi saform of acute immune toxicity,a nd there is an outstanding need to establish measurement platforms that can predict the CARPAp otential of drug candidates.…”

Preparation, characterization, and pharmacokinetics of tilmicosin‐ and florfenicol‐loaded hydrogenated castor oil‐solid lipid nanoparticles

“…Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) are particles prepared with solid lipids (i.e. lipids solid at room temperature and also at body temperature) and stabilized by surfactant(s) (Manjunath et al, 2005), which have attracted increasing attention as suitable colloidal carriers for delivery of drugs (Jackman et al, 2016). They have been studied extensively for delivery of the antibiotics.…”