Narrow-linewidth vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers for oxygen detection

Zappe, Hans; Heß, Martin; Moser, M.; Hövel, R.; Gulden, K.H.; Gauggel, H.-P.; Sopra, Fabrice Monti di

doi:10.1364/ao.39.002475

Cited by 50 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…2 Today, VCSELs can be found in many applications ranging from computer mice, short haul communications 3 through to oxygen sensors. 4 One particularly important potential application of VCSELs is in metropolitan area networks. Due to the zero dispersion and an absorption minimum of silica fiber available close to 1.3 lm, there has been significant effort devoted to producing VCSELs around this wavelength.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of de-tuning and non-radiative recombination on the temperature dependence of 1.3 μm GaAsSb/GaAs vertical cavity surface emitting lasers

Hild

Marko

Johnson

et al. 2011

Applied Physics Letters

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In this letter, we measure the pure spontaneous emission and lasing emission from a working vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) for a wide range of temperatures. From this spontaneous emission, we gain insight into the temperature dependence of the radiative component of the threshold current (and hence gain). Together with the temperature dependence of the threshold current, the cavity mode to gain peak alignment and the temperature dependence of an equivalent active region edge emitting laser, we show how non-radiative recombination coupled with gain-cavity de-tuning influences the thermal properties of these devices.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of de-tuning and non-radiative recombination on the temperature dependence of 1.3 μm GaAsSb/GaAs vertical cavity surface emitting lasers

Hild

Marko

Johnson

et al. 2011

Applied Physics Letters

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“…In this study we carried on experiments for the detection of oxygen and water, two common components found in atmospheric environments [2,3]. The detection of both gas and vapor species was carried on using current tunable VCSELS emitting near 763nm [4] and 1392 nm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiplexed gas spectroscopy using tunable VCSELs

et al. 2012

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Detection and identification of gas species using tunable laser diode laser absorption spectroscopy has been performed using vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL). Two detection methods are compared: direct absorbance and wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS). In the first, the output of a DC-based laser is directly monitored to detect for any quench at the targeted specie wavelength. In the latter, the emission wavelength of the laser is modulated by applying a sinusoidal component on the drive current of frequency ω, and measuring the harmonics component (2ω) of the photo-detected current. This method shows a better sensitivity measured as signal to noise ratio, and is less susceptible to interference effects such as scattering or fouling. Gas detection was initially performed at room temperature and atmospheric conditions using VCSELs of emission wavelength 763 nm for oxygen and 1392 nm for water, scanning over a range of approximately 10 nm, sufficient to cover 5-10 gas specific absorption lines that enable identification and quantization of gas composition. The amplitude and frequency modulation parameters were optimized for each detected gas species, by performing two dimensional sweeps for both tuning current and either amplitude or frequency, respectively. We found that the highest detected signal is observed for a wavelength modulation amplitude equal to the width of the gas absorbance lines, in good agreement with theoretical calculations, and for modulation frequencies below the time response of the lasers (<50KHz). In conclusion, we will discuss limit of detection studies and further implementation and packaging of VCSELs in diode arrays for continuous and simultaneous monitoring of multiple species in gaseous mixtures.

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“…Following this path of research, we have developed the first MEMS-tunable VCSELs with emission wavelengths below 800 nm. These devices operate within the oxygen A-band (760−780 nm), a relevant wavelength range for diode-laser-based oxygen detection [9,10]. In these devices, rapid and wide wavelength tuning is realized through the use of an electrostatically actuated micromechanical Bragg reflector.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-wavelength MEMS-tunable VCSELs

et al. 2008

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We present electrically-injected MEMS-tunable vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with emission wavelengths below 800 nm. Operation in this wavelength range, near the oxygen A-band from 760-780 nm, is attractive for absorption-based optical gas sensing. These fully-monolithic devices are based on an oxide-aperture AlGaAs epitaxial structure and incorporate a suspended dielectric Bragg mirror for wavelength tuning. By implementing electrostatic actuation, we demonstrate the potential for tuning rates up to 1 MHz, as well as a wide wavelength tuning range of 30 nm (767-737 nm).

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Narrow-linewidth vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers for oxygen detection

Cited by 50 publications

References 19 publications

Influence of de-tuning and non-radiative recombination on the temperature dependence of 1.3 μm GaAsSb/GaAs vertical cavity surface emitting lasers

Influence of de-tuning and non-radiative recombination on the temperature dependence of 1.3 μm GaAsSb/GaAs vertical cavity surface emitting lasers

Multiplexed gas spectroscopy using tunable VCSELs

Short-wavelength MEMS-tunable VCSELs

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