Nasal mucus proteomic changes reflect altered immune responses and epithelial permeability in patients with allergic rhinitis

Comparison of tear proteome in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis patients and controls with respect to pollen season

“…Ghafouri et al10 found that cystatin‐S levels were lower in AR in season in nasal lavage fluid. We had similar findings in tear fluid and nasal mucus proteomes; however, the data did not reach statistical significance 11. CST4 may play an important role in AR as it appears to be reversely regulated in the tear proteome of AR as compared to HC in vs out of season.…”

The nasal microbiome: opening new clinical research avenues for allergic disease

“…These cells possess multiple pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and bitter taste receptors [18]. T-helper 2-type inflammation in AR, asthma, and eosinophilic CRS has been associated with downregulation of innate immunity elements like human beta-defensin 2(hBD-2), antileukoproteinase, immunoglobulin J chain, surfactant protein-A (SP-A), and TLRs [11,18,19]. Microbial products are ligands for these innate immune receptors, which are found on inflammatory granulocytes like basophils and eosinophils.…”

“…Microbiota imbalances could be the initial trigger of the chronic immune response as evidenced by the link between gut microbiome in infancy and development of allergic diseases later on in life [8][9][10]. An exaggerated immune response along with a dysfunctional immune barrier and an inflamed mucosal epithelium [11] can promote a condition suitable for overgrowth of certain microorganisms and dysbiosis, contributing to chronic inflammation. In addition, patients with AR, asthma, or CRS are usually treated with multiple topical and systemic medications that can affect the local microbiome.…”

Biochemical and proteomic investigation of bovine nasal secretion

“…In addition, lactoferrin, which has antimicrobial activity, had been previously reported to be present in NS Cole et al, 1999) was and we predict that this protein is represented by a band at around 80 kDa (TRFL_BOVIN). Recently, many studies have shown the present of apolipoproteins A1 (ApoA-1) to be present in human NS (Casado et al, 2005;Mörtstedt, 2014 andTomazic et al, 2014). Apolipoproteins are plasma proteins that are mainly involved in lipid metabolism, but also have antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory…”

“…Over the years, many groups have applied proteomic approaches to analyse differences in the human NS proteome mostly involving allergic rhinitis (Tomazic et al, 2013 andTomazic et al, 2014) and chronic rhinosinusitis (Upton et al, 2011) with healthy controls. Most of the proteins identified in human NS (Casado et al, 2005) were similar with the nasal proteins detected in cattle with many proteins involved in innate and acquired immunity ( Figure 5.7).…”