Nasolacrimal Duct Closure Modulates Ocular Mucosal and Systemic CD4⁺T-Cell Responses Induced following Topical Ocular or Intranasal Immunization

Abstract

Both topical ocular and topical intranasal immunizations have been reported to stimulate the ocular mucosal immune system (OMIS) and the systemic immune system. Nasolacrimal ducts (NLDs) are the connecting bridges between the OMIS and nasal cavity-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). These ducts drain topical ocularly administrated solutions into the inferior meatus of the nose to reach the NALT. Inversely, NLDs also drain intranasally administrated solutions to the mucosal surface of the eye and thus the OMIS. This unique anatomical connection between the OMIS and NALT systems provoked us to test whether the OMIS and NALT are immunologically interdependent. In this report, we show that both topical ocular administration and topical intranasal administration of a mixture of immunodominant CD4

Changes in cytokines in tears after endoscopic endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy for primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction

“…32 Our results, which showed higher inflammatory cytokine expression during the postoperative period, suggest involvement of lymphoid activity in MALT system in the wound healing process after DCR surgery. MALT system in ocular surface is connected with nasal cavity-associated lymphoid tissue via NLD, 33 so cytokine level in tear might reflect the wound healing process after DCR regardless of cellular origin of these cytokines. However, sustained expression of these inflammatory cytokines for longer than 2 months after surgery may suggest the presence of another stimulating factor causing the chronic inflammation, such as the silicone stent.…”

The Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Latency-Associated Transcript Inhibits Phenotypic and Functional Maturation of Dendritic Cells

“…Mice were euthanized and TG were harvested, pooled, and digested in DMEM-5% FBS containing collagenase I (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA), as we previously described (5)(6)(7)(8)38). The digested tissue suspension was passed through a 45-mm nylon cell strainer.…”

“…Approximately 90% of the human population is seropositive for this virus (1)(2)(3)(4). Although HSV-1 usually causes mild lesions on the lips (cold sores), it also causes blinding infection in eyes and fatal encephalitis in the brain (1,2,(5)(6)(7)(8)(9). After primary infection, HSV-1 persists lifelong in the infected host in the sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglia (TG) in a non-reproductive, latent state.…”

The Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Latency-Associated Transcript Promotes Functional Exhaustion of Virus-Specific CD8 + T Cells in Latently Infected Trigeminal Ganglia: a Novel Immune Evasion Mechanism

“…The CD107 assay was performed as recently described (15)(16)(17)(18)37) with a few modifications. Freshly isolated TG-derived cells were left unstimulated or were stimulated with gB 498-505 or phytohemagglutinin (PHA) (positive control) at 37°C for 5 to 6 h in the presence of BD GolgiStop (BD Biosciences) and 10 l of FITC-conjugated CD107 antibody.…”