Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Prevalence, Outcome, and Impact on Health-Related Quality of Life at Princess Norah Oncology Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Alsafadi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 4.0., which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Epstein–Barr Virus—Associated Malignancies and Immune Escape: The Role of the Tumor Microenvironment and Tumor Cell Evasion Strategies

“…Only a small number of infected individuals develop chronic EBV-associated pathologies, which are often related to immune deficiencies, genetic pre-disposition and environmental factors [16]. Chronic EBV infection of different tissues of mainly epithelial and lymphocytic origin has been associated with malignant diseases such as carcinomas, lymphomas/lymphoproliferative disorders and soft-tissue tumors [17][18][19][20][21]. Geographically, EBV-associated neoplasia is present worldwide but is more frequent in Asia and Africa compared to the Western world [17,[22][23][24][25] with a higher incidence in males than in females [2,26].…”

“…Chronic EBV infection of different tissues of mainly epithelial and lymphocytic origin has been associated with malignant diseases such as carcinomas, lymphomas/lymphoproliferative disorders and soft-tissue tumors [17][18][19][20][21]. Geographically, EBV-associated neoplasia is present worldwide but is more frequent in Asia and Africa compared to the Western world [17,[22][23][24][25] with a higher incidence in males than in females [2,26]. Furthermore, different EBV-associated tumor entities present distinct peaks in the disease onset.…”

“…In detail, endemic BL is primarily a disease of young children between 2 and 20 years of age. In contrast, EBV-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and gastric carcinoma (GC) occur in adults between 18 and 80 years with EBV-positive GC patients frequently younger than 60 years [17,18,20,[26][27][28]. A comprehensive summary concerning the geographic and epidemiologic peculiarities of EBV-associated malignancies is shown in Table 1.…”

“…A comprehensive summary concerning the geographic and epidemiologic peculiarities of EBV-associated malignancies is shown in Table 1. South East Asia, North and East Africa [17,22] gastric adenocarcinoma (GC) 1:100,000 ~9% frequently < 60 years worldwide [18,27,28] intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) <0.01:100,000 6.6% 24-68 years South East Asia [23,29,30] Lymphomas and lymphoproliferative disorders chronic active EBV infection (CAEBV) rare 100% 5-31 Asia [31,32] mucocutaneous ulcer unknown 100% >60 years worldwide [25,33] Europe and North America [34,35] extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma (ENKTL) rare 100% 17-89 years Asia [36,37] classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) 0.5:100,000 in Asia 2.3:100,000 in Europe 50-90% depending on the subtype 20-65 worldwide [19] plasmablastic lymphoma 0.1:100,000 80% 7-65 years worldwide [25,38] post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) <1% in bone marrow transplanted up to 30% in small bowel transplanted patients 60-80% children more often affected worldwide [39] angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) 0.05-0.2:100,000 ~70% 20-86 years Europe [40][41][42] primary effusion lymphoma rare 70% young adults worldwide [25] Burkitt lymphoma (BL) sporadic 0.15:100,000 <15% 15-40 years worldwide [43] Burkitt lymphoma (BL) endemic 3-6:100,000 >90% 2-20 years Central Africa East Africa [20] diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) 5-7:100,000 Europe ~4% Asia ~15% 50-91 years Asia [24,25,44] Soft-tissue tumors leiomyosarcoma associated with immune suppression rare 100% children and adolescents worldwide [45] EBV + inflammatory follicular dendritic cell sarcoma rare Unknown 8-77 years * worldwide [21,46] * Data from 9 cases.…”

Novel approach to identify putative Epstein–Barr–virus microRNAs regulating host cell genes with relevance in tumor biology and immunology

“…This is based on the fact that EBV infection is not only linked to BL or cHL, 37 , 44 but also to solid tumor entities including inter alia NPCs and gastric cancers (GCs). 45–49 Since no data sets for solid EBV-associated tumor entities were available, the EMT and MET marker genes were also analyzed within the B cell and BL data sets, despite these results might only exert a surrogate for EBV-associated solid tumors.…”