Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Potential Pathogenic Bacteria in Healthy Children Living in İstanbul

Gönüllü, Nevriye; Yıldız, Sevilay; Aydoğan, Okan; Taner, Zeynep; Özdemir, Sinem; Akyol, Selcan; Tokman, Halit; Çakırlar, Fatma Köksal

doi:10.4274/haseki.galenos.2020.6518

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…In the present study, the overall phenotypic/culture positivity of asymptomatic nasopharyngeal bacteria carriage of school children was 35.7% (95% CI 30.7-40.7%). This is comparable with previous study done in Debreberhan Ethiopia 29.9 % and 36.7% [31,41], Istanbul 31.2% [42] and Tanzania 23.5% [43]. However, it was lower than previous reports in Czech Republic 62.8% [14], Korea 53.9 % [44] and in Jimma, Ethiopia 47.74% [45].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…However, the current result was higher than a studies reported from Ghana [48], Korea 18.2% [44], Nepal 16.6 [49]. Indonesia 7.3% [50], Istanbul 7.9% [42]. These variations might be due to sociodemographic and economic characteristics of the population under study and exposure to different potential risk factors.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 81%

“…Similarly, the prevalence of Haemophilus influenzae isolates was 6.6 %, which is higher than the finding in German 0.3% [56]. However, our finding was lower than the reports in Indian 27.5% [57], Mediterranean coast region 27.7% [42], Korea 13.6% [44], the Czech Republic 24.9% [14], Nepal 3.4% [49], and Istanbul 11.2% [42]. The carriage of these bacteria appears to fluctuate in a dynamic process throughout the host lifetime.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 77%

“…In our study, the prevalence of Streptococcus pyogens was 7.3 %. This finding was higher than study done in Istanbul 2.9% [42], Nepal 5.3% [49], and lower than that of the previous report in Hawassa Ethiopia 12.2% [55]. Similarly, the prevalence of Haemophilus influenzae isolates was 6.6 %, which is higher than the finding in German 0.3% [56].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 74%

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Asymptomatic nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage, multi-drug resistance pattern and associated factors among primary school children at Debre Berhan town, North Shewa, Ethiopia

Belayhun¹,

Tilahun

Seid

et al. 2023

Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob

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Background Nasopharyngeal carriage of bacteria is the main source for transmission of pathogens across individuals and horizontal spread of organisms in the community. It is an important risk factor for the acquisition of community-acquired respiratory tract infection. It is the major public health problem among children. The asymptomatic carriage of nasopharyngeal bacteria is different globally, particularly in Africa, carriage is higher in children and decreases with increasing age, 63.2% in children less than 5 years, 42.6% in children 5–15 years, and 28.0% in adults older than 15 years. Objective The aims of this study was to determine asymptomatic nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage, multi-drug resistance pattern and associated factors among primary school children at Debre Berhan town, North Shewa, Ethiopia. Methods Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted at Debre Berhan town primary schools from February 1 to April 30, 2021. Primarily, the schools were stratified into two strata, public and private primary schools. From a total of sixteen government and fourteen private primary schools, five government and five private schools were selected by using a simple random sampling technique. Socio-demographic variables and potential risk factors were assessed using a structured questionnaire. A total of 384 nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected using sterile swabs aseptically; and inoculated on Blood agar, Chocolate agar, MacConkey agar, and Mannitol salt agar. The colony was characterized to isolate bacteria, and bacterial identification was performed by Gram reaction, hemolysis patterns, colonial characteristics and pigmentation, catalase test, coagulase test, mannitol fermentation test, oxidase test, fermentation of carbohydrates, H2S production, motility, formation of indole, triple sugar iron agar (TSI), citrate utilization, lysine decarboxylase or methyl red vogues proskur utilization, urea hydrolysis and satellitism tests. Antimicrobial sensitivity tests were performed by using modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Data were entered into statistical package Epi data 4.0.0.6 and transferred to and analyzed using SPSS software version-23. P value of < 0.05 with Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CIs) was considered as statistically significant. Results The overall prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of bacterial isolate was 35.7% (95% CI 30.7–40.7%). The predominant isolates were Staphylococcus aureus 54.5% followed by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus 35.8%, and Streptococcus pyogens 4.5%. Most bacterial isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, nitrofurantoin, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin; and the overall multidrug resistance pattern of isolated bacteria was 62.03% out of 137 bacterial isolates. Numbers of rooms ≤ 2 per house [AOR = 5.88, 95%CI 1.26–27.57], having history of hospitalization [AOR = 4.08, 95%CI 1.45–11.53], passive smoking [AOR = 4.87, 95%CI 1.49–15.97], family size of > 5 members [AOR = 2.17, 95%CI 1.24–3.81], and number of students in the classroom [AOR = 2.35,95%CI 1.37–4.02] were statistically significant associated risk factors for nasopharyngeal bacteria carriage. Conclusion Asymptomatic nasopharyngeal bacteria carriage in children is alarming for community-acquired infection. The overall multidrug resistance was very high. The risk of the carriage was increased with having a history of passive smoking, being in large family size and number of students per class. Longitudinal follow-up studies would be helpful for better understanding the infection risk in bacterial pathogen carriers.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 77%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 74%

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Asymptomatic nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage, multi-drug resistance pattern and associated factors among primary school children at Debre Berhan town, North Shewa, Ethiopia

Belayhun¹,

Tilahun

Seid

et al. 2023

Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob

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“…While there are many studies on the nasopharyngeal carriage of Gram-positive bacteria (such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus ) [ 11 , 12 ] and anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria (such as Moxarella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae ) [ 13 , 14 ], the evidence about aerobic GNB (as Klebsiella pneumoniae , Escherichia coli , Acinetobacter baumanii , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) carriage is limited. Previous studies from Brazil, Indonesia, Angola, and the Netherlands reported a GNB carriage prevalence varying from 5% to 57% in healthy children [ 3 , 4 , 7 , 8 , 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alarming Levels of Multidrug Resistance in Aerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli Isolated from the Nasopharynx of Healthy Under-Five Children in Accra, Ghana

Osei

Dayie

Azaglo

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Nasopharyngeal carriage of aerobic Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) may precede the development of invasive respiratory infections. We assessed the prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of aerobic GNB and their antimicrobial resistance patterns among healthy under-five children attending seven selected day-care centres in the Accra metropolis of the Greater Accra region of Ghana from September to December 2016. This cross-sectional study analysed a total of 410 frozen nasopharyngeal samples for GNB and antimicrobial drug resistance. The GNB prevalence was 13.9% (95% CI: 10.8–17.6%). The most common GNB were Escherichia coli (26.3%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (24.6%), and Enterobacter cloacae (17.5%). Resistance was most frequent for cefuroxime (73.7%), ampicillin (64.9%), and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (59.6%). The organisms were least resistant to gentamicin (7.0%), amikacin (8.8%), and meropenem (8.8%). Multidrug resistance (MDR, being resistant to ≥3 classes of antibiotics) was observed in 66.7% (95% CI: 53.3–77.8%). Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria constituted 17.5% (95% CI: 9.5–29.9%), AmpC-producing bacteria constituted 42.1% (95% CI: 29.8–55.5%), and carbapenemase-producing bacteria constituted 10.5% (95% CI: 4.7–21.8%) of isolates. The high levels of MDR are of great concern. These findings are useful in informing the choice of antibiotics in empiric treatment of GNB infections and call for improved infection control in day-care centres to prevent further transmission.

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Prevalence of group B streptococcal colonization in the healthy non-pregnant population: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Kassel

Janssen

Kofman

et al. 2021

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

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Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Potential Pathogenic Bacteria in Healthy Children Living in İstanbul

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Asymptomatic nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage, multi-drug resistance pattern and associated factors among primary school children at Debre Berhan town, North Shewa, Ethiopia

Asymptomatic nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage, multi-drug resistance pattern and associated factors among primary school children at Debre Berhan town, North Shewa, Ethiopia

Alarming Levels of Multidrug Resistance in Aerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli Isolated from the Nasopharynx of Healthy Under-Five Children in Accra, Ghana

Prevalence of group B streptococcal colonization in the healthy non-pregnant population: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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