National images and international systems

Stereotypes as an interdisciplinary construct: Implications for applied linguistics research

“…At the same time, the topic of national character began attracting attention from researchers in other academic fields, such as political science (Klineberg 1944), international relations (Boulding 1959), developmental psychology (Piaget and Weil 1951) and the social sciences (Sorokin 1967). In recent decades, national and country stereotypes have been explored in the academic fields of marketing (Brijs et al 2011;Clark 1990), tourism (Echtner and Ritchie 2003), literature and culture studies (Beller and Leerssen 2007) and applied linguistics (Byram and Kramsch 2008;Houghton 2010;Nikitina and Furuoka 2013;Webber 1990).…”

The constitution and effects of country images: Theory and measurement of a central target construct in international public relations and public diplomacy

“…Further, central elements of the country image are the strengths and weaknesses of a country and its status as an enemy (Boulding 1956(Boulding , 1959Cottam 1977;Holsti 1967;Shimko 1991;Silverstein, Holt 1989;White 1965). More recent models, like the stereotype content model (SCM) or the model of behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes (BIAS), suggest warmth and competence as two universal dimensions in intergroup perceptions (Fiske et al 1999Cuddy et al 2007).…”

“…This concept can be further differentiated when distinguishing between the individual and the collective image, both of which are assimilated in Barich and Kotler's definition. To make a clear distinction between a country image as an individual judgment made by a subjective behavior unit (Boulding 1969) on the one hand, and the accumulated country image of a group on the other, it is useful, when referring to the latter, to speak of aggregated im-ages. The above-mentioned definition should also be further qualified by introducing a differentiation of perspective: It has been stressed that there should be a clear conceptual distinction between outside-perception (by foreign publics) and self-perception (of a domestic population) (Grunig 1993b).…”

“…In research on intergroup relations, country images are analyzed with a focus on countries' political actions, motivations, and abilities (Oskamp 1965;Herrmann et al 1997). Integral to the country image are the relationship between countries (Cottam 1977;Jervis 1976), the strengths and weaknesses of a country and its status as an enemy (Boulding 1956(Boulding , 1959Cottam 1977;Holsti 1967;Shimko 1991;Silverstein, Holt 1989;White 1965). Cuddy et al (2007) and Fiske et al (2007Fiske et al ( , 1999 In political science, country images are researched mostly in the subfield of international relations, often with regard to the concept of public diplomacy (Leonard et al 2002;Schatz, Levine 2010;Vickers 2004).…”

A imagem do Brasil: um estudo a partir da perspectiva de consumidores latino-americanos

“…Fonte: Elaborado pela autora Quadro 8 -Principais intenções de comportamento relacionadas ao componente conativo da imagem de país Ao serem analisados os componentes da imagem de país, outro aspecto importante é a relação existente entre os três componentes cognitivo, afetivo e conativo. Segundo Brijs, Bloemer e Kasper (2011), apenas dois estudos analisaram a estrutura interna de imagem de país e esses estudos foram os publicados por Häubl (1996) Boulding (1959), a imagem de um país geralmente é, de alguma forma, um produto das mensagens recebidas no passado, no entanto, não é um inventário simples de tais mensagens, é uma peça altamente estruturada de capital de informação.…”