Nationalism and economic openness: The cross‐country evidence

Abstract

Using cross‐country data, we find little evidence that economic openness has an impact on the level of nationalism in countries. We use three waves of the World Values Survey from 1999 through 2014 combined with data on economic openness from the Penn World Tables. Across all three waves, we find no statistically significant relationship between economic openness and nationalism. However, there is evidence for a negative association between economic openness and nationalism from 2001 to 2007 and a positive association between 2007 and 2014. This corresponds to the rising nationalistic and anti‐trade sentiment evident throughout the world despite the general trend of increasing economic openness.

Impacts of Economy, Systems and Regional Inclusiveness on Rural-Urban Inequality of English Education in China

“…The level of a region's openness to international trade, investment, and other types of interchange is referred to as regional openness. Regional openness has been widely acknowledged to majorly affect economic development and progress [15]. However, its educational implications, particularly on urban and rural education disparity, have not been thoroughly investigated.…”

Populism and Trade, by Kent A.Jones (Oxford University Press, New York, 2021), pp. xii + 248

“…When differentiating among different types of populism (right‐wing, left‐wing and anti‐establishment populism), the econometric results differ based on the indicator used to measure protectionism. This is not unexpected as the quantification of broad concepts such as populism or nationalism can be done in several ways and econometric results often differ for different constructions (Breunig et al., 2021).…”