Natural Choline from Egg Yolk Phospholipids Is More Efficiently Absorbed Compared with Choline Bitartrate; Outcomes of A Randomized Trial in Healthy Adults

Smolders, Lotte; Wit, Nicole de; Balvers, Michiel G.J.; Obeid, Rima; Vissers, Marc M.M.; Esser, Diederik

doi:10.3390/nu11112758

Cited by 29 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…It was shown before that levels of free choline were similar after the intake of phosphatidylcholine and choline bitartrate but TMAO showed higher levels after the intake of choline bitartrate [ 21 ]. Others demonstrated that plasma choline levels were higher after the intake of phosphocholine compared to levels after the intake of choline bitartrate [ 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential metabolism of choline supplements in adult volunteers

et al. 2021

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Background Adequate intake of choline is essential for growth and homeostasis, but its supply does often not meet requirements. Choline deficiency decreases phosphatidylcholine (PC) and betaine synthesis, resulting in organ pathology, especially of liver, lung, and brain. This is of particular clinical importance in preterm infants and cystic fibrosis patients. We compared four different choline supplements for their impact on plasma concentration and kinetics of choline, betaine as a methyl donor and trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) as a marker of bacterial degradation prior to absorption. Methods Prospective randomized cross-over study (1/2020–4/2020) in six healthy adult men. Participants received a single dose of 550 mg/d choline equivalent in the form of choline chloride, choline bitartrate, α-glycerophosphocholine (GPC), and egg-PC in randomized sequence at least 1 week apart. Blood was taken from t = − 0.1–6 h after supplement intake. Choline, betaine, TMAO, and total PC concentrations were analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry. Results are shown as medians and interquartile range. Results There was no difference in the AUC of choline plasma concentrations after intake of the different supplements. Individual plasma kinetics of choline and betaine differed and concentrations peaked latest for PC (at ≈3 h). All supplements similarly increased plasma betaine. All water-soluble supplements rapidly increased TMAO, whereas egg-PC did not. Conclusion All supplements tested rapidly increased choline and betaine levels to a similar extent, with egg-PC showing the latest peak. Assuming that TMAO may have undesirable effects, egg-PC might be best suited for choline supplementation in adults. Study registration This study was registered at “Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien” (DRKS) (German Register for Clinical Studies), 17.01.2020, DRKS00020454.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential metabolism of choline supplements in adult volunteers

et al. 2021

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“…This energy barrier is created by the presence of an emulsion film, which is formed at the surface of the drops. This film is the main factor for stabilizing the emulsion and may consist of one or more molecular layers of the emulsifier (mono-or poly-molecular films) [27].…”

Section: Discussion Of Results Of Studying the Efficiency Of Using Egmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was found in [25][26][27] that phospholipids with unchanged native properties have high physiological activity. In this connection, their use is beyond solving only technological tasks.…”

Section: The Aim and Objectives Of The Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the efficiency of using egg products for the stabilization of emulsion when making milk-containing curds-based products

Belemets

Radzievskaya

Yushchenko

et al. 2020

EEJET

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The appropriateness of using the phospholipids of egg products has been considered as an alternative to synthetic emulsifiers in the technology of making milk-containing curds-based sour milk products (hereinafter, milk-containing products) of the functional purpose. Underlying the development is the improvement of conventional technology by replacing 50 % of milk fat with a blend of natural vegetable oils (based on the mathematically calculated ratios). This could increase the content of essential fatty acids to the level commensurate with the physiological norms of their consumption. Adding the products of chicken egg processing as a useful and safe natural emulsifier would prevent the separation of the product's fatty phases. The emulsifying mixture "Prottekt 01" has been used as control. The rational dosage for introducing the selected natural emulsifiers has been determined, based on the calculation of 1...4 % to the mass of the introduced vegetable fats (blend), which ensure the highest fat-retaining capacity (FRC) indicator and do not affect the organoleptic characteristics of the product. It has been established that the stability of direct emulsifiers (DE) «o/w» is 100 % in the case of using egg yolk powder or the emulsifier "Prottekt 01" in the amount of 3 %; egg powder or albumin-4 %. The rational ratio of the formulation components has been determined for such emulsions-water phase:vegetable oil blend:egg yolk powder-as 21:76:3, provided the lowest possible percentage of a water phase (whey) is introduced. The dependence of a moisture-retaining capacity indicator on the moisture content in a milk-containing product that included the experimental samples of emulsions has been confirmed. The dependence established is in good agreement with a phenomenon of the reduced moisture-retaining capacity in a food product when its fat content increases as a result of the lower moisture-retaining capacity of the fatty phase compared with the protein phase. The derived dependence of lecithin content on the indicators of FRC and DE proves the appropriateness of choosing the egg yolk powder as an emulsifier for making a milk-containing curds-based sour milk product. The highest indicators of FRC, 5 cm3/g, and the formation of 100 % of DE, are observed when using 3 % of the egg yolk powder (with a lecithin content of 10.3 g/100 g of the product) in the emulsifier composition

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“…In addition, the GPC and CC groups had significantly lower liver PL contents than the control group (Table 1). PL-derived choline is absorbed in the small intestine more efficiently than free forms of choline [13,14], resulting the former having a higher bioavailability. PC, which is synthesized from choline, is known to constitute the outer layer of the cell membrane lipid bilayer [5].…”

Section: Effects Of Dietary Pc Gpc and CC On The Growth And Metabolic...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the above-mentioned studies into TMAO, the intake of PC or PC-rich foods has been suggested to be harmful to human health. On the other hand, choline in PC has been reported to be absorbed more efficiently than free choline [13,14], suggesting that choline in PC may be less susceptible to catabolism by gut microbiota than free choline. Taken together, the question as to whether dietary PC exerts a beneficial effect on CVD remains unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unlike Glycerophosphocholine or Choline Chloride, Dietary Phosphatidylcholine Does Not Increase Plasma Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Levels in Sprague-Dawley Rats

2022

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Choline, betaine, and L-carnitine are transformed into trimethylamine (TMA) by gut microbiota, absorbed into the liver, and oxidized into trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) by flavin-containing monooxygenases. Elevated TMAO levels may negatively affect human health. As phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the main source of dietary choline, its intake or PC-rich foods may be harmful to human health; however, quantitative comparative information among dietary choline compounds (PC, glycerophosphocholine [GPC], and choline chloride [CC]) regarding in vivo generation of TMAO is lacking. Here, we compared the effects of PC, GPC, and CC on plasma TMAO levels in rats. Furthermore, we investigated their effects on gut microbiota at the genus level. Dietary PC did not affect plasma TMAO levels, whereas dietary GPC and CC significantly increased them. At the genus level, plasma TMAO levels were significantly negatively correlated with relative abundances of Anaerotruncus, Actinomyces, Enterococcus, Dialister, Clostridium XIVa, and Granulicatella; they were significantly positively correlated with that of Coprobacter. Moreover, the relative abundances of Anaerotruncus and Coprobacter were found to predict plasma TMAO levels. Therefore, dietary PC, unlike GPC or CC, does not increase plasma TMAO levels in rats. Furthermore, several gut microbes are associated with changes in plasma TMAO levels in rats fed with choline compounds.

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Natural Choline from Egg Yolk Phospholipids Is More Efficiently Absorbed Compared with Choline Bitartrate; Outcomes of A Randomized Trial in Healthy Adults

Cited by 29 publications

References 45 publications

Differential metabolism of choline supplements in adult volunteers

Differential metabolism of choline supplements in adult volunteers

Determining the efficiency of using egg products for the stabilization of emulsion when making milk-containing curds-based products

Unlike Glycerophosphocholine or Choline Chloride, Dietary Phosphatidylcholine Does Not Increase Plasma Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Levels in Sprague-Dawley Rats

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