Natural Cinnamaldehyde and Its Derivatives Ameliorate Neuroinflammatory Pathways in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Abstract

Neurodegenerative diseases are devastating and incurable disorders characterized by neuronal dysfunction. The major focus of experimental and clinical studies are conducted on the effects of natural products and their active components on neurodegenerative diseases. This review will discuss an herbal constituent known as cinnamaldehyde (CA) with the neuroprotective potential to treat neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Accumulating evidence supports the notion that CA displays neuroprotective effects in AD and PD animal models by modulating neuroinflammation, suppressing oxidative stress, and improving the synaptic connection. CA exerts these effects through its action on multiple signaling pathways, including TLR4/NF-κB, NLRP3, ERK1/2-MEK, NO, and Nrf2 pathways. To summarize, CA and its derivatives have been shown to improve pathological changes in AD and PD animal models, which may provide a new therapeutic option for neurodegenerative interventions. To this end, further experimental and clinical studies are required to prove the neuroprotective effects of CA and its derivatives.

Neuroinflammation: The next target of exosomal microRNAs derived from mesenchymal stem cells in the context of neurological disorders

“…TLRs extensively express on the immune cell surface and play critical roles in the innate immune system (Kawai & Akira, 2008). The activation of TLR4 leads to the translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus, which triggers the production of proinflammatory factors including IL-1β and TNF-α (Hajinejad et al, 2020;Rodríguez-Gómez et al, 2020). miR-101-3p derived from MSCs-EXs downregulated the expression of TLR2 and then suppressed inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α) associated with the TLR2 signaling pathway in macrophage cells (Barrera-Ramirez et al, 2017;Huang et al, 2020; Figure 2).…”

Pharmacokinetic and Permeation Studies in Rat Brain of Natural Compounds Led to Investigate Eugenol as Direct Activator of Dopamine Release in PC12 Cells

“…and Citrus sinensis EOs, respectively [ 1 ]. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of these compounds have been previously evidenced by their ability to modulate signaling pathways such as those involving nitric oxide (NO) synthesis or nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF- κ B), with related downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of these compounds can contribute to their beneficial effects against intestinal diseases at the level of mucosal barrier or microbiota ecology [ 6 , 7 , 8 ], but also against ischemic phenomena of the heart [ 9 , 10 , 11 ], or against neurodegeneration [ 4 , 12 , 13 ].…”

The Effect of an Essential Oil Blend on Growth Performance, Intestinal Health, and Microbiota in Early-Weaned Piglets

“…The primary function of these EOs is antibacterial activity via interfering with bacterial cytoplasmic membranes and energy metabolism [ 15 ]. Additionally, carvacrol, thymol, and cinnamaldehyde are reported to possess antioxidant, antifungal, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic capacities [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. The combined use of these EOs has been explored to exert their potential.…”