Natural clades differ from “random” clades: simulations and analyses

Stanley, Steven M.; Signor, Philip W.; Lidgard, Scott; Karr, Alan F.

doi:10.1017/s0094837300003833

Cited by 80 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The phenomenon of extinction was considered, for example, in Gould et al (1977), Stanley et al (1981), Nee et al (1992Nee et al ( , 1994aNee et al ( ,b, 1995Nee et al ( , 2001), Mooers & Heard (1997) and Heard & Mooers (2002).…”

Section: Multi-rate Evolutionary Model: Description Discussion and Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary models of phylogenetic trees

Pinelis

2003

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

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The most widely used evolutionary model for phylogenetic trees is the equal-rates Markov (ERM) model. A problem is that the ERM model predicts less imbalance than observed for trees inferred from real data; in fact, the observed imbalance tends to fall between the values predicted by the ERM model and those predicted by the proportional-to-distinguishable-arrangements (PDA) model. Here, a continuous multirate (MR) family of evolutionary models is presented which contains entire subfamilies corresponding to both the PDA and ERM models. Furthermore, this MR family covers an entire range from 'completely balanced' to 'completely unbalanced' models. In particular, the MR family contains other known evolutionary models. The MR family is very versatile and virtually free of assumptions on the character of evolution; yet it is highly susceptible to rigorous analyses. In particular, such analyses help to uncover adaptability, quasi-stabilization and prolonged stasis as major possible causes of the imbalance. However, the MR model is functionally simple and requires only three parameters to reproduce the observed imbalance.

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Section: Multi-rate Evolutionary Model: Description Discussion and Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary models of phylogenetic trees

Pinelis

2003

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

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“…1973; Raup and Gould 1974; Gould et al. 1977; Raup 1977; Stanley et al. 1981) in that it simultaneously controls the growth of the random clade at the local (i.e.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Latitudinal gradient of taxonomic richness: combined outcome of temperature and geographic mid-domains effects?

Brayard

Escarguel

Bucher

2005

J Zoological System

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For several decades, the origin and ecological consequences of large-scale continental and marine Latitudinal Gradients of Taxonomic Richness (LGTR) have been intensively debated. Among the various hypotheses, it has been proposed that a LGTR is the by-product of a geographic middomain effect, i.e. the result of a random distribution of ranges of taxa between physical hard boundaries such as the continent/ocean interface. In order to more realistically evaluate the role of the mid-domain effect on the origin and evolution of the LGTR of marine planktonic organisms, we present a 2D model based on a cellular-automaton approach in which sea surface temperatures (SST) and currents are forced in the biogeographic dispersal of a randomly generated clade (a 2D ÔgeophyleticÕ model). Sensitivity experiments allow to evaluate the effects of currents, SST and the geographical origin of a clade on the formation and shape of a LGTR for planktonic organisms when coupled with a geographic mid-domain effect. Results are discussed in the light of the empirical LGTR of extant planktonic Foraminifera in the Atlantic Ocean. Independently of any other biotic or abiotic parameter, inclusive of the surface currents and origination/extinction absolute and relative rates, our simulations show that the coupling of the mid-domain effect with two critical parameters, namely the shape and intensity of the SST gradient and the geographic origin of a clade, produces realistic patterns of diversity when compared with the observed LGTR of extant atlantic planktonic foraminifera. The results illustrate a non-linear relation between a unimodal latitudinal SST gradient and a resulting bimodal LGTR characterized by a drop in species richness near the equator. This relation indicates that the SST gradient exerts a mid-domain effect on the LGTR. The latitudinal positions of the modal values of the LGTR are also found to be influenced by the geographic origin of the simulated clade.

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“…Macroevolutionary models of the kind developed by Raup et al (1973) and Wassersug et al (1979) incorporating various spatial and other constraints and parameterized against the fossil record (cf. Stanley et al, 1981) should be valuable for assessing which, if any, of the ecological factors are sufficient to force onshore-offshore faunal replacement. Such models might also suggest more plausible explanations for the changes in diversity, taxa, and communities that resulted from the Ordovician radiations.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Onshore-offshore Changementioning

confidence: 99%