Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) as a Greener Alternative for the Extraction of Hydrophilic (Polar) and Lipophilic (Non-Polar) Phytonutrients

Abstract

Phytonutrients extracted from natural resources are receiving much attention among researchers due to their highly antioxidative characteristics which prevent several degenerative diseases including cardiovascular diseases and cancers. These nutraceutical compounds can be used in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products as natural antioxidants, preservatives, colourings and functional foods. Though much works have been reported on the extraction process, there are concerns on the health and safety risks posed by the commonly used organic solvents derived from petrochemical industry. Thus, there is a need to recover the phytonutrients using green, sustainable, efficient and low cost solvents that are safe for human consumption. This work discusses natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) as a potential solvent to extract both polar and non-polar phytonutrients simultaneously from natural resources. Previous attempts (in the most recent 3 years) to make use of NADES as an extractant to obtain phytonutrients are presented. The synthesis process of NADES and current challenges when employing NADES are also being reviewed.

Physicochemical Properties of Choline Chloride-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NaDES) and Their Applicability for Extracting Oil Palm Flavonoids

“…Polarity is very sensitive to a change in water content due to the disruption of hydrogen bondings, inducing a change in the polarity index [14,25,33]. Thus, polarity is an essential aspect of NaDES and is highly related to their solubilizing ability.…”

Pengaruh Antioksidan dan Kombinasi Pengawet terhadap Stabilitas Ekstrak Cair NADES Biji Kopi Hijau

“…Penelitian sebelumnya yang dilakukan oleh Yuniarti dkk pada tahun 2019 telah berhasil mengoptimasi metode ekstraksi senyawa bioaktif dari biji kopi hijau (Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner) menggunakan pelarut NADES yang terdiri dari campuran kolin klorida dan sorbitol dengan metode Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE). NADES merupakan pelarut yang sulit untuk diuapkan, namun salah satu keuntungan dari pelarut NADES adalah sifatnya yang yang aman untuk dikonsumsi sehingga ekstrak cair yang dihasilkan tidak memerlukan penguapan pelarut (6).…”

“…Pelarut yang digunakan untuk mengekstraksi biji kopi hijau robusta dalam penelitian ini adalah NADES berbasis kolin klorida dan sorbitol dengan perbandingan molar 4:1. NADES merupakan suatu pelarut yang terdiri dari campuran hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) dan hydrogen bond donor (HBD) dengan perbandingan molar tertentu yang mampu berinteraksi melalui ikatan hidrogen sehingga dapat membentuk campuran eutektik dengan titik lebur lebih rendah dari masing-masing komponen penyusunnya sehingga hasil akhir yang didapatkan berupa cairan jernih (6,33,34). Penambahan air pada proses pembuatan NADES bertujuan untuk mengurangi viskositas dari NADES karena pada viskositas yang tinggi dapat mengurangi efisiensi pada proses esktraksi (6).…”

Phytomass Valorization by Deep Eutectic Solvents—Achievements, Perspectives, and Limitations

“…Triaux and his coworkers [35] found that the most important factors for separation efficiency were extraction time and temperature. Along with their application in chromatography and biomass processing, some illustrative results of extraction of value-added compounds from biomass are described too [8,[36][37][38].…”

“…The fact that the composition of two-or multicomponent DESs can be varied almost indefinitely in practice opens up the chance to prepare a DES with the required polarity suitable for the desired applications. The ability to modify polarity can be expected to be very important in the separation of lipophilic (non-polar) and hydrophilic (polar) nutrients from phytomass [37].…”