Natural Gas Hydrates

Sloan, E. Dendy

doi:10.5772/38301

Cited by 14 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 85 publications

(104 reference statements)

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“…Although gas hydrates are chemically interesting compounds, they are industrially problematic. In particular, natural gas hydrates cause problems not only during the construction stage but also during the operational stages of process facilities such as platforms, pipelines, and other engineering structures. − Gas hydrates are easily formed in pipelines, producing gas wells before the gas is dehydrated. Prevention of gas hydrate formation elicits substantial investment, amounting to 10%–15% of the production cost…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas Hydrate Inhibition: A Review of the Role of Ionic Liquids

Tariq

Rooney

Othman

et al. 2014

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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188

117

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Ionic liquids (ILs) are popular designer green chemicals with great potential for use in diverse energy-related applications. Apart from the well-known low vapor pressure, the physical properties of ILs, such as hydrogen-bond-forming capacity, physical state, shape, and size, can be fine-tuned for specific applications. Natural gas hydrates are easily formed in gas pipelines and pose potential problems to the oil and natural gas industry, particularly during deep-sea exploration and production. This review summarizes the recent advances in IL research as dual-function gas hydrate inhibitors. Almost all of the available thermodynamic and kinetic inhibition data in the presence of ILs have been systematically reviewed to evaluate the efficiency of ILs in gas hydrate inhibition, compared to other conventional thermodynamic and kinetic gas hydrate inhibitors. The principles of natural gas hydrate formation, types of gas hydrates and their inhibitors, apparatuses and methods used, reported experimental data, and theoretical methods are thoroughly and critically discussed. The studies in this field will facilitate the design of advanced ILs for energy savings through the development of efficient low-dosage gas hydrate inhibitors.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas Hydrate Inhibition: A Review of the Role of Ionic Liquids

Tariq

Rooney

Othman

et al. 2014

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

Self Cite

188

117

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“…Gases hydrates samples have been discovered from many places-19 or more areas worldwide and are believed to be deposited at roughly 77 areas including the Antarctica and Siberia. Generally, they are discovered in continental shelf sediments and onshore polar areas beneath the permafrost due to the fact that the pressure-temperature conditions in these regions are within the hydrate stability conditions [5]. An artificially produced sample of methane hydrate is shown in Figure 2.…”

Section: Nature Of Gas Hydrate Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas Hydrate—Properties, Formation and Benefits

Aregbe¹

2017

OJOGas

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There are numerous gas hydrate reserves all over the world, especially in permafrost regions and ocean environments. The abundance of gas hydrate reserves is estimated to be more than twice of the combined carbon of coal, conventional gas and petroleum reserves. These hydrate deposits hold significant amount of energy which can make hydrate a sustainable energy resource. The comprehensive research on the properties and formation of methane hydrates is paramount to ensure efficient and effective exploration and development of hydrate reserves. Natural gas is mostly distributed for different purposes through pipelines or pressure vessels such as dry gas, compressed gas or liquefied gas, which means transporting natural gas creates serious safety concerns because methane is highly flammable and almost impossible to detect any leak without using odorant. Alternatively, natural gas can be stored and transported as gas hydrate turns solid or slurry. Gas hydrate can be stored at equilibrium conditions with either saturation temperature or pressure. The equilibrium conditions are influenced by the cost and weight of storage vessel. Hydrate can be transported either as slurry or solid depending on the location of target or destination. The slurry form is usually a better option for distance of approximately 2500 mile or less while the solid form can be used for distances of roughly 3500 miles or more. The paper examines the properties, formation and benefits of gas hydrate. The suitability of gas hydrate as a sustainable energy resource and the possibility of using gas hydrate for the transportation and storage of natural gas (methane) are also stated. Natural gas transportation and storage as gas hydrate will create effectively and efficiently alternative bulk gas transportation and storage for future use of the gas.

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“…Hydrate formation observation dates as far back as 1811 when Sir Humphrey Davy first observed the crystallization of chlorine hydrates (Sloan et al 2009;Atilhan et al 2012). Hydrates are ice-like crystals (clathrate) formed when water and gas come into contact at elevated pressure and low temperatures (Sloan et al 2009;Sloan and Koh 2008;Carolyn et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental investigation of hydrate formation, plugging and flow properties using a high-pressure viscometer with helical impeller

Bbosa

Ozbayoglu

Volk

2018

J Petrol Explor Prod Technol

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Slurry transport has become a subject of interest in several industries, including oil and gas. The importance of slurry/solid transport in the oil and gas industry is evident in areas of cuttings transport, sand transport and, lately, hydrates. Hydrate formation, if not properly monitored and controlled, may lead to pipeline blockage. To avoid pipeline blockage and other hydrate formation risks, chemical additives are added to the system. Additives such as anti-agglomerants help improve hydrate transportability by dispersing the formed hydrates into slurries and preventing them from sticking to the pipe wall. This enables transportation of highly concentrated slurries. However, the high hydrate volume fractions (HVF) slurries may exhibit complex rheology. There is therefore a great need to correlate flow properties such as friction factor and viscosity to HVF. Hydrate slurry transport is important whether hydrates are deliberately generated for energy storage purposes or hydrates formed because of the prevailing flow conditions. However, when determining the viscosity of a fluid containing solid particles, the conventional viscometer types such as concentric cylinders and cone and plate are often not suitable. This is because either the narrow gap would not accommodate the particle size or their inability to maintain the particles suspended leading to bed formation. In this work, a high-pressure mixer-type viscometer was used to generate and characterize hydrate slurries. This work aims to generate a significant amount of hydrate slurry characterization data that may be used as basis for better rheometer designs, hydrate slurry flow properties modeling or integration of hydrate transportability into general multiphase modeling. Results showed that intermediate watercuts posed the greatest pipeline plugging risk for all the oils tested. The amount of transportable hydrates increased with oil viscosity. Generally, hydrate slurries generated exhibited shear thinning behavior that increased with increasing hydrate volume fraction. However, the overall rheology of these slurries is a complex function of the oil used, watercut, gas added to the system and hydrate solid fraction. Lowering shear rates for high HVF systems resulted in separation. Results in this work further suggest that hydrate transportation may be possible with minimum risk if anti-agglomerants are used and high enough shear is applied. On the other hand, if no anti-agglomerant is used, severe aggregation may result in flow line plugging.

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Natural Gas Hydrates

Cited by 14 publications

References 85 publications

Gas Hydrate Inhibition: A Review of the Role of Ionic Liquids

Gas Hydrate Inhibition: A Review of the Role of Ionic Liquids

Gas Hydrate—Properties, Formation and Benefits

Experimental investigation of hydrate formation, plugging and flow properties using a high-pressure viscometer with helical impeller

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