Natural-gel derived, N-doped, ordered and interconnected 1D nanocarbon threads as efficient supercapacitor electrode materials

Abstract

Natural gel pectin is transformen into interconnected, N-doped, ordered and Interconnected 1D nano-carbon threads upon high temperature pyrolysis inside SBA-15.

Hard Carbons for Sodium‐Ion Battery Anodes: Synthetic Strategies, Material Properties, and Storage Mechanisms

“…[115,116,120] The high surface areas achievable from these carbon typeso ffer ah igh apparent electrochemical area for potential-dependents urface ad-sorption, and hence,h igh capacitance. [127,139,140] In this regard, some silica-basedt emplates with suitable porosity have become importanto ver the years. [115,137] Provision for the inclusion of heteroatom doping in the carbon matrix, throught he use of as uitable pyrolysis strategy,h as been further beneficial for improvingt he capacitance values through pseudocapacitance contributions.…”

“…[116] For these applications, high-surface-area alternatives have attracted particulara ttention, owing to the availability of maximum exposed surface for catalysis and surface adsorption. [117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132] Heteroatom-doped carbon systems have shown promising activity as ORR catalysts for applicationsi nf uel cells, and a number of modified hard carbons have been reported with commendable performances as electrocatalysts for the ORR. [133] Doping of various heteroatoms and their codoping have been shown to enhance the activity,r elative to undoped systems.…”

“…[121,122,124,131] In addition to these synthetic routes, which usually lead to microporosity,t emplate-based synthetic methods have also been employedt o generate mesoporosity,w hich is considered to be indispensable for high-power capacitor applications. [127,139,140] In this regard, some silica-basedt emplates with suitable porosity have become importanto ver the years. [141][142][143][144][145] Both hard and soft templates have been used with suitable porosity and pore size distribution to achieve the desired porosity in the carbon material.…”

Current status and challenges of biohydrogels for applications as supercapacitors and secondary batteries

“…This has promoted the exploration of sophisticated materials, especially hybrid organic-inorganic compounds. Wahid et al 48 reported the template based synthesis of supercapacitive carbon by inltrating a natural hydrogel, pectin, into a mesoporous silica template and, subsequently, applying pyrolysis in an inert atmosphere (SBA-15). Pectin is an indigestible soluble ber that, combined with water, forms colloidal systems and gels and are frequently used as ingredients in food technology (e.g.…”

“…Indeed, pectin hydrogel gives place to unbreakable columns inside silica channels with less sideways diffusion, fullling all the necessary requirements for the transformation into one dimensional carbon threads. Wahid et al 48 doped the carbonpectin activated electrodes with urea molecules, which also increased the viscosity due to the formation of urea-pectin chain interactions. Indeed, the compactness of the electrode increased with the viscosity since the sideways ow decreased, even at higher temperatures.…”