Natural occurrence of 3,3?,4,4?-tetramethoxy-1,1'-biphenyl in leaves of stressed European beech

Zielke, Hanno; Sonnenbichler, Johann

doi:10.1007/bf01135738

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…bulk phenolic compounds was observed even upon massive fungal colonization, which is in good agreement with earlier observations of Zielke and Sonnenbichler (1990).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…This is in agreement with the fact that high concentrations of A. errabunda DNA coincide with this metabolite, which must then be considered a stress metabolite rather than a phytoalexin. Zielke and Sonnenbichler (1990) suggested that this compound may be a putative phytoalexin whose biological activity should be further analyzed. No elicitation of the In vitro inhibition of Apiognomonia mycelial growth by chlorogenic acid.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Beech Leaf Colonization by the Endophyte Apiognomonia errabunda Dramatically Depends on Light Exposure and Climatic Conditions

et al. 2005

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Ozone and light effects on endophytic colonization by Apiognomonia errabunda of adult beech trees (Fagus sylvatica) and their putative mediation by internal defence compounds were studied at the Kranzberg Forest free-air ozone fumigation site. A. errabunda colonization was quantified by "real-time PCR" (QPCR). A. errabunda-specific primers allowed detection without interference by DNA from European beech and several species of common genera of plant pathogenic fungi, such as Mycosphaerella, Alternaria, Botrytis, and Fusarium. Colonization levels of sun and shade leaves of European beech trees exposed either to ambient or twice ambient ozone regimes were determined. Colonization was significantly higher in shade compared to sun leaves. Ozone exhibited a marginally inhibitory effect on fungal colonization only in young leaves in 2002. The hot and dry summer of 2003 reduced fungal colonization dramatically, being more pronounced than ozone treatment or sun exposure. Levels of soluble and cell wall-bound phenolic compounds were approximately twice as high in sun than in shade leaves. Acylated flavonol 3- O-glycosides with putatively high UV-B shielding effect were very low in shade canopy leaves. Ozone had only a minor influence on secondary metabolites in sun leaves. It slightly increased kaempferol 3- O-glucoside levels exclusively in shade leaves. The frequently prominent hydroxycinnamic acid derivative, chlorogenic acid, was tested for its growth inhibiting activity against Apiognomonia and showed an IC50 of approximately 8 mM. Appearance of Apiognomonia-related necroses strongly correlated with the occurrence of the stress metabolite, 3,3',4,4'-tetramethoxybiphenyl. Infection success of Apiognomonia was highly dependent on light exposure, presumably affected by the endogenous levels of constitutive phenolic compounds. Ozone exerted only minor modulating effects, whereas climatic factors, such as pronounced heat periods and drought, were dramatically overriding.

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“…bulk phenolic compounds was observed even upon massive fungal colonization, which is in good agreement with earlier observations of Zielke and Sonnenbichler (1990).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beech Leaf Colonization by the Endophyte Apiognomonia errabunda Dramatically Depends on Light Exposure and Climatic Conditions

et al. 2005

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“…In the present study, we observed the appearance of 3,3 0 ,4,4 0 -tetramethoxybiphenyl in response to ozone exposure. This compound has previously been detected in pathogen-affected and ozone-treated leaves of beech (Zielke and Sonnenbichler 1990), and has been termed a stress-metabolite in beech because of its accumulation in Apiognomomia errabunda-infected leaves (Bahnweg et al 2005). Interestingly, the reduction of the chlorogenic acid level in ozone-treated leaves extended beyond the respective ontogenetic level in leaves of control saplings in our study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

“…Exposure to ozone levels two times the normal amount did not produce any significant effects either in the sun or shade leaves of adult European beech in a forest stand (Bahnweg et al 2005). However, ozone treatment of beech saplings a few years old resulted in up-or down-regulation of flavonoid glycosides, caffeic acid derivatives and a biphenyl compound, particularly in lammas shoots (Zielke and Sonnenbichler 1990;Zielke 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Ozone affects shikimate pathway genes and secondary metabolites in saplings of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) grown under greenhouse conditions

Betz

Gerstner

Stich

et al. 2008

Trees

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The shikimate pathway plays a central role in the formation of aromatic intermediates in the production of stilbenes, flavonoids and lignins. Ozone effects on the levels of transcripts in this pathway were studied in saplings of European beech. Complementary DNA (cDNA) clones of all genes of this pathway were isolated, and quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) using RNA isolated from leaves of ozone-treated saplings showed a strong induction of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase 1 (DAHPS1), DAHPS3, 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase/ shikimate dehydrogenase (DHQD/SD), 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), and chorismate mutase (CM) transcripts. In contrast, DAHPS2, 3-dehydroquinate synthase (DHQS), shikimate kinase (SK), and chorismate synthase (CS) transcripts were only weakly induced. Earliest induction could be observed after 2 days of ozone treatment for DAHPS1, SK, EPSPS and CM. The coordinated regulation was evident for 3-5 weeks after the onset of ozone fumigation, and increased transcript levels were still detectable after another 7 weeks. Western blot analyses of DAHPS3 and DHQD/SD showed an increased protein level in agreement with the increased transcription levels. Ozone-dependent leaf lesions appeared 7 weeks after onset of ozone exposure. Strongly elevated were levels of conjugates of salicylic (SA) and gentisic acids (GA), either derived directly from chorismate, the key product of the shikimate pathway, or via phenylalanine, cinnamic, and benzoic acids. Concentrations of cell wall-bound phenolic compounds increased in both control and ozone-treated saplings with the latter showing slightly higher levels. Interestingly, however, this increase of cell wall-bound phenolics was accompanied by a decrease of soluble phenolics, which may indicate their deposition into the cell wall.

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Ozone Responses of Trees: Results from Controlled Chamber Exposures at the GSF Phytotron

Langebartels¹,

Ernst²,

Heller³

et al. 1997

Forest Decline and Ozone

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Natural occurrence of 3,3?,4,4?-tetramethoxy-1,1'-biphenyl in leaves of stressed European beech

Cited by 6 publications

References 2 publications

Beech Leaf Colonization by the Endophyte Apiognomonia errabunda Dramatically Depends on Light Exposure and Climatic Conditions

Beech Leaf Colonization by the Endophyte Apiognomonia errabunda Dramatically Depends on Light Exposure and Climatic Conditions

Ozone affects shikimate pathway genes and secondary metabolites in saplings of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) grown under greenhouse conditions

Ozone Responses of Trees: Results from Controlled Chamber Exposures at the GSF Phytotron

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